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TO 

GEORGE PEABODY, 

A native of the Massachusetts Colony ; 

Preferring the title of American Citizen, and 

Friend of the London Poor, 

To Heraldic Honors from a noble Oueen ; 

Known as the princely patron of Literature in his native 
land, especially in the 

City of Baltimore, 

Where he passed many years of early manhood ; 

and as a patriot above sectional prejudice ; 

This Little Work 

Is inscribed by a stranger y 

Whose paternal ancestors dwelt in the 

Colony of Maryland. 



■^kkc 




Preface. 




LDMIXON, when he wrote the history of the 
British Colonies in America, more than a 
hundred and fifty years ago, complained that 
he had failed to obtain the information sought, relative 
to the Maryland Colony. 

Chalmers, a Scotch lawyer in Baltimore City, re- 
turning to England after the revolutionary struggle 
began, in his general colonial history, commenced at 
the suggestion of Sir John Dalrymple, supplied to some 
extent the deficiency. Bozman, in the present cen- 
tury, has done valuable service in bringing to light old 
records, but in condemning the bigotry of an intolerant 
age, himself, as is too often the case, becomes unchari- 
table. McMahon, an able jurist, has presented, in 
clear, concise language, a valuable historical view of 
the Government of Maryland, and the only regret, after 
reading it, is that the author did not publish another 
volume, as was contemplated. McSherry, the last of 
the historians of the State, adds much concerning the 
revolutionary period and the present century, but views 
subjects too much from a denominational stand-point. 

1* (v) 



vi PREFACE. 

When not employed in official duties at the Execu- 
tive Mansion, it has been a recreation to visit the Capi- 
tol, and pushing by the jostling throng, constantly 
shuffling over the marble tiles of the rotunda, to hasten 
into the quiet alcoves of the noble library of Congress, 
there to rummage the folios of Strafford, Winwood, 
Kennett, Rushworth, Thurloe, and Journals of the 
House of Lords and Commons, the quarto volumes of 
Fuller, Anthony Wood, and Hazard, also not the less 
valuable because smaller, the Calendar of British State 
Papers, the publications of the Camden Society, the 
Somers and Force Historical Tracts, and numerous 
other valuable works of reference. As the result of 
this turning over of pages, numberless as the leaves 
of autumn ; I have picked out a few threads of the 
colonial history of Maryland which I had never seen 
before, and as they were interesting to me, I have 
thought they might please the public. It affords me 
pleasure to take this opportunity, to acknowledge the 
courtesy I have received from the librarian and his 
assistants in my investigations. 

E. I). X. 

Anacostan Ridge, 

near Washington, D. C , 
February 1, 1867. 





Contents. 



CHAPTER FIRST. 

George, First Lord Baltimore. 

CHAPTER SECOND. 

Cecilius, Second Lord Baltimore, and the Formative 
Period of the Colony. 

CHAPTER THIRD. 

Difficulties with Virginians, and those arising from the 
Civil War in England. 

CHAPTER FOURTH. 

The Advent of the Friends, and their Influence. 



CHAPTER FIFTH. 

Boundary Disputes. 



( vii ) 



viii CONTEXTS. 



CHAPTER SIXTH. 

Revolution of 1689, the Established Church, and Presby- 
terianism. 

CHAPTER SEVENTH. 

Society during the Eighteenth Century, and Causes which 
led to Union with other Colonies in a Declaration of 
Independence. 

CHAPTER EIGHTH. 

Brief Sketch of the Proprietaries. 





TERRA MARINE. 




CHAPTER I. 

THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 

ORKSHIRE, three centuries ago, was a 
remote county, in the north of England, 
and under favorable circumstances, a 
six days' journey from London was necessary 
to reach its wooded mountain slopes and bar- 
ren moors. While the Cathedral of York was 
then, as now, justly admired for its lofty tower, 
and as the largest and finest in the whole king- 
dom, the hamlets were few; Leeds numbered 
four or five thousand poor fullers and weavers, 
and Sheffield was "a singularly miserable place, 
containing about two thousand inhabitants, of 
whom a third were half-starved and half-naked 
beggars." 1 



1 Macaulay, 



(9) 



10 TERRA MM! I.E. 

The 3 T eomanry, however, though rude and 
coarse, were brave and honest, and a few an- 
cient families scattered among them, were equal 
in talents and culture with any in the country, 
among whom were the Fairfaxes, 1 "Wentworths, 2 
and Calverts, all of whom have remote descend- 
ants in the United States of America. 

George Calvert, the first Lord Baltimore, was 



1 William Fairfax, for a time Governor of the Bahamas, after- 
ward held office under the Crown in New England, and here he 
married his second wife at Salem, Massachusetts. Invited by 
his relative, Lord Fairfax, to take charge of his estates, he 
moved to the vicinity of Mount Vernon. He had two sons, of 
whom the younger, the Rev. Bi-yan Fairfax, became the eighth 
Lord Fairfax. The present representative, Charles, lives in 
California, and his brother, Dr. John Fairfax, in Maryland, a 
few miles from Washington. Washington, in a letter to the 
Earl of Buchan, April 20th, 1793, says: 

" The family of Fairfax, of which you speak, is also related 
to me. * * * * What remains of the old stock are near 
neighbors to my estate of Mount Vernon. The late Lord Thomas 
Fairfax, with whom I was perfectly acquainted, at a distance of 
sixty miles from me, after he had removed from Belvoir, the seat 
of his kinsman, which adjoins my estate just mentioned, and is 
going to be inhabited by a younger member of the family as 
soon as the house, which was some years ago burnt down, can 
be rebuilt." 

2 William Wentworth, a member of this old Yorkshire family, 
emigrated to New Hampshire about the time that Leonard Cal- 
vert came to Maryland. His descendants were John, Benning, 
Sir John, all Colonial Governors, John, a member of the Conti- 
nental Congress : and John, member of the Thirty-ninth Con- 
gress from Chicago, Illinois, is also of the same family. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 11 

the son of Leonard Calvert 1 and his wife, Alice 
Croxall, and was horn at Kipling. 

When only eleven years of age, in 1593, he 
entered Trinity College, Oxford, and in four 
years became a Bachelor of Arts. As a student 
he displayed a fondness for literature, and before 
he graduated, a poem from his pen, an elegy 
upon the death of Henry Unton, 2 English Am- 
bassador at the Court of France, was published. 

As was customary after -leaving college, he 
made a tour to the Continent, and upon his 
return married, and becam'e the clerk of Sir 
Robert Cecil, Earl of Salisbury. In this way he 
was brought into the presence, and attracted the 
attention of, the half-crazed, half-pedant mon- 
arch, King James. In 1605, on the occasion of 
the King visiting the University of Oxford, he 
received the degree of Master of Arts. 

He was frequently sent abroad on public busi- 
ness, and having returned from Paris, he wrote 
on March the tenth, 1610, the following chatty 

1 Leonard Calvert, of Yorkshire, the father of Lord Balti- 
more, although not one of the nobility of England, appears to 
have been a very respectable person. Eleanor Calvert, of Mount 
Airy, Maryland, the granddaughter of Benedict Calvert, was 
married to John Parke Custis, the son of Mrs. George Wash- 
ington by a former husband. The Hon. Charles Calvert, of the 
Thirty-seventh Congress, lately deceased at Riversdale, Mary- 
land, near Washington, was also a descendant. All of the 
American family have a baton in their coat of arms 

2 Unton, a brave and much-esteemed Ambassador. 



12 TERRA MARIJS. 

letter to Sir Thomas Eclmoncles, then resident 
as Ambassador: 

"But that I could not let pass any servant of 
your own, without saluting you, I should per- 
haps have stayed a few days longer for more 
matter; desiring, together with the advertise- 
ment of my safe arrival, to let your Lordship 
understand the state of our Court here, our 
country, and our friends. 

"But I am yet but a stranger, and know little, 
and besides, the extraordinary good usage I re- 
ceived from your Lordship and your worthy 
Lady, which I preach to all my friends here; 
with that acknowledgment which it deserveth, 
hath so debauched me, as my spirits are still 
with you, and I cannot yet well draw them from 
the Faubourg of St. Germain, to intend any- 
thing here. 

"I arrived in England, at Hythe, in Kent, 
upon Saturday last, late at night, having been 
six days and one night at sea, with foul weather, 
and upon Sunday I came hither, where I was 
not unwelcome nor unlooked for, as I perceived. 
I presently went to the Court and delivered your 
dispatch. I found my Lord in a disposition calm 
and sweet, using me with that favorable respect 
wherewith he is pleased to grace those poor ser- 
vants he makes account of. 

"He read not your letter presently, being at 
that time in hand, as it seemed, with some other 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 13 

dispatch; neither had I any other speech with 
him, of your Lordship, than that he asked me, 
how you did?; when I remembered your service 
to him. He dismissed me for that night hecause 
it was very late, and since I have seen him hut 
once; for the next day lie went to Hatfield, and 
from thence is gone to the King at Royston, and 
to Audley End, where my Lord Chamberlain is 
at this present, and returns again hither within 
these three days, as I understand. * * * * 

"I had forgotten to put with the news of the 
Clergy, a famous conversion of a revolted min- 
ister of our Church, Mr. Theophilus Higgins, 1 
who, your Lordship may rememher, tied from 
England to Brussels some three or four years 
since, and was undertaken by Sir Edward Hoby, 
who wrote an 'Anti-Higgins,' answered after- 
wards, as I take it, in part or in whole by my 
Lady Lovell. 



1 Theophilus Higgins, at the age of fourteen, in 1592, went 
to Oxford, and received an A.M. in 1000. Was a good Latin 
poet. Preached at St. Dunstan's, London, and was very popu- 
lar. Under Jesuit influence, joined the Church of Rome, and 
spent two years at Douay. He published his reasons for the 
change in 1009, in a pamphlet called his "First Motive to Ad- 
here to the Roman Church." 

The sermon alluded to in Calverfs letter was published with 
this title : 

"Sermon at St. Paul Cross, March yd, 1G10, on Eph. ii. 4, 
5, 6, 7, In Testimony of his hearty Reunion with the Church of 
England, and his hearty Submission thereto. London, 1611." 

2 



14 TERRA MARIjE. 

"This Mr. Higgins, upon Sunday last, the 
day of my arrival, preached, at Paul's Cross, his 
penitential sermon, when were present my Lord 
Treasurer, and divers other Lords of the Coun- 
cil, besides an infinite number of all sorts of 
people. The self-same day was born to Sir Ed- 
ward Hoby 1 a sou and heir, inasmuch as he 
saith he will bless that day for the birth of two 
children, a spiritual and temporal; for ^natural 
I dare not say, though perhaps more proper for 
this division, because this word sometimes re- 
ceives a base interpretation . 

"And yet himself said, as I hear, as soon as 
the midwife brought him his son to see him, 
that 'it was a goodly child, God bless him! and 
wonderfully like his father, whosoever he were.' ' 

In a few months Calvert was made the Clerk 
of the Privy Council, and soon became a favorite 
attendant of James the First, and accompanied 
him to Royston. "In his journey," saith one, 
"Calvert, Clerk of the Council, is settled about 
him, and is wholly employed in reading and 
writing." 

During this journey of 1611 dames commenced 
the tractate anathematizing Vorstius, the succes- 



1 Hoby was educated at Oxford, and knighted in 1582. He 
was a well-read man. The title of the pamphlet alluded to as 
"Anti-IIiggins," ? was: "A Letter to Mr. Theophilus Ilygons, 
late Minister, now a Fugitive, in answer to his First Motive." 
He died in 1616. 



THE FIRST LOUD BALTIMORE. If, 

sor of Arminius in the University of Leyden, 
which was written out and completed by Cal- 
vert. In consequence of his acquaintance with 
foreign languages, he was also at this time in- 
trusted with the Italian and Spanish correspond- 
ence, a position under the Commonwealth occu- 
pied by John Milton. 

Another correspondent writes to a friend 
abroad under date of February the twentieth, 
1618-111: 

"The Kino; went to Theobalds on Tuesday, 
but before his going, Sir George Calverl was 
sworn Secretary. I had an inkling of it two or 
three days before, though the patent was drawn 
with a blank, and the voice ran generally with 
Packer. The night before he was sworn, the 
Lord of Buckingham l told him the King's reso- 
lution, but he disabled himself divers ways, hut 
specially, that lie thought himself unworthy to 
sit in that place, ho lately possessed by his uoble 
lord and master. The King was well pleased 

1 George Villiern, Duke of Buckingham, and hie mother, ex- 
ercised great influence over James the First. Jlo was distin- 
guished for his personal symmetry, as his master was for his 
clumsiness. An old writer said; "As Ammianus describes a 
well-shaped man, ab ipso capite usque ad unguium summitatei 
recta erat lineament orum compage ; from the nails of his fingers, 
nay, from the sole of his foot to the crown of his head, there 
was no blemish in him. Ami yci hi> carriage ami every sto<>}> 
of his deportment, more than his excellent form, were the beauty 
of his beauty." He was assassinated by Felton iu 1628. 



l(j TERRA MARLE. 

with his answer and modesty; and sending* for 
him, asked many questions, most about his wife. 
His answer was, that she was a good woman, 
and had brought him ten children; and would 
assure his Majesty that she was not a wife with 
a witness. This, and some other passages of this 
kind, seem to show that the King is in a great 
vein for taking down high-handed women." 

With increasing influence, in 1617 he was 
knighted, and now appears in the public records 
as Sir George Calvert. 

Under the malign influence of Gondomar, 
the Spanish Ambassador, the King ordered the 
arrest of Sir Walter Raleigh, in July, 1618, 
and disgraced England by beheading him three 
months afterward in the old Palace-yard. It is 
with pain that we read of Calvert's intimacy with 
the Spaniard, of his visits to the gallant naviga- 
tor in prison, and of his calling at his house and 
taking therefrom his sea-charts, a manuscript on 
the art of war, and another containing an account 
of all the sea-ports in the world. 

While King James tried to satisf}- the Eng- 
lish people by assenting to laws for the suppres- 
sion of Popery, he manifested no antipathy to 
any of his friends with inclinations in that direc- 
tion, and in February complimented Calvert by 
making him Secretary of State for life. To the 
plea of inability to perform the duties of the 
office, Buckingham said it was the King's own 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 17 

choice, and in a day or two the oath of office 
was administered, and a letter written on April 
the nineteenth, says: "Secretary Calvert keeps 
about the King, and has most of the employ- 
ment." 

In the year 1613 he w T as appointed one of the 
Commissioners to go to Ireland to examine the 
condition of affairs, and to listen to grievances. 

It was rumored about this time that he would 
be appointed Ambassador to the States General, 
and a friend of Sir Dudley Carleton, the incum- 
bent, wrote : " I have both before and since made 
all the inquiry I could, and can find no ground 
of any fresh report. Only I have heard Mr. Cal- 
vert named, but when the question is asked him 
he doth utterly renounce any such intention in 
himself, and I do rather believe him, for that it 
is not likely he should affect such a journey, 
being reasonably well settled at home, and hav- 
ing a wife and many children, which are no easy 
carriage, specially so far." 

The whimsical monarch not only conferred 
honors, but rewards. The next year he re- 
ceived a grant of the increased custom on silk 
for twenty-one years, and an annual pension ot 
one thousand pounds. 

The reckless expenditure of James, and his 
constant grant of monopolies, had created great 
dissatisfaction among the masses, and it was de- 
sirable that he should have as many friends as 



9* 



18 TERRA MA R I.E. 

possible in the Parliament of 1621, and for this 
reason Calvert, with Wentworth, offered himself 
as a member from Yorkshire. 

Their opponent was Sir John Saville, a man of 
considerable influence; and it is interesting to 
read the electioneering correspondence of the 
impetuous Wentworth previous to the day of 
election. 

"With an energy and rapidity not excelled by 
the most successful politician of the nineteenth 
century, he wrote several letters daily during 
the campaign, and was profuse in promises and 
delicate flattery. The following extracts from 
letters of the same period, attest the energy of 
the man. To Sir Thomas Fairfax he writes : 

" I was at London much entreated, and, indeed, 
at last enjoined, to stand with Mr. Secretary Cal- 
vert for to be knight of this shire the next Par- 
liament, both by my Lord Clifford and himself; 
which, after I had assented unto and dispatched 
my letters, I perceived that some of your friends 
had motioned the like to Mr. Secretary on your 
behalf, and were therein engaged, which was the 
cause I write no sooner unto von. Yet, hearing 

%l 'CD 

by my cousin Middleton that he, moving you in 
my behalf for your voices, you were not only 
pleased to give over that intendment, but freely 
to promise us your best assistance, I must con- 
fess that I cannot forbear any longer to write 
unto vou how much this courtesv deserves of me; 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 19 

and that I cannot chose but take it most kindly 
from you as suitable with the ancient affection 
which you have always borne me and my house. 
"And presuming of the continuance of your 
good respects toward me, I must entreat the 
company of yourself and friends with me at din- 
ner on Christmas-day, being the day of the elec- 
tion, when I shall be most glad of you, and then 
give you further thanks for your kind respects." 
To one he writes: "In my next letters I will 
let Mr. Secretary know your good respect and 
kindness toward him, whereof I dare assure you 
he will not be unmindful." 

To another he says: "I have got an absolute 
promise that if I be chosen knight that you shall 
have a burgess-ship (reserved for me) at Apple- 
by, wherewith I must confess I am not a little 
pleased, in regard we shall sit there, judge, and 
laugh together." 

To a relative he makes a suggestion: "The 
course my Lord Darcy and I hold is, to entreat 
the high-constables to desire the petty constables 
to set down the names of all freeholders within 
their townships, and which of them have prom- 
ised to be at York and bestow their voices with 
us, so as we may keep the note as a testimony 
of their good affections, and know whom we are 
beholden unto; desiring them further to go along 
with us to York, on Sunday, being Christmas- 
eve, or else meet us about two o'clock of the 



20 TERRA MARIJE. 

day at Tadcaster. I desire you would please to 
deal effectually with your high-constables, and 
hold the same course, that so we may he able to 
judge what number we may expect out of your 
wapentake. I hope you will take the pains to 
go along with us, together with your friends, to 
York, that so we may all come in together, and 
take part of an ill dinner with me the next day, 
when yourself and friends shall he right heartily 
welcome." 

Sir Arthur Ingram is informed: "As touching 1 
the election we now grow to some heat; Sir 
John Saville's instruments closely and cunningly 
suggesting underhand, Mr. Secretary's non-resi- 
dence, his being the King's servant, and out of 
these reasons by law cannot, and, in good discre- 
tion, ought not, be chosen of the country. 

"Whereas himself is their martyr, having suf- 
fered for them; the patron of the clothiers; the 
fittest to be relied on, and that he intends to be 
at York on the day of election." 

To Calvert he gives a history of the condition 
of things and the state of feeling in the County: 
u - May it please you, sir, the Parliament writ is 
delivered to the sheriff, and he, by his faithful 
promise, deeply engaged i'ov you. I find the 
gentlemen of these parts generally ready to do 
you service. Sir Thomas Fairfax stirs not; hut 
Sir John Saville, by his instruments, exceeding 
busy, intimating to the common soil underhand, 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 21 

that yourself being not resident in the County, 
cannot by law be chosen, and being his Majesty's 
Secretary and a stranger, one not safe to be 
trusted by the country; but all this, according 
to his manner, so closely and cunningly as if he 
had no part therein; neither doth he, as yet, 
further declare himself, than only, that he will 
be at York the day of the election; and thus 
finding he cannot work them from me, labors 
only to supplant you. My Lord President hath 
writ to his freeholders on your behalf, and see- 
ing he will be in town on the election-day, it 
were, I think, very good if he would be pleased 
to show himself for you in the Castle-yard, and 
that you writ a few lines unto him, taking notice 
that you hear of some opposition, and therefore 
desire his presence. I have heard that when Sir 
Francis Darey opposed Sir Thomas Lake in a 
matter of like nature, the Lords of the Council 
writ to Sir Francis to desist, I know my Lord 
Chancellor is very sensible of you in this busi- 
ness, a word to him and such a letter would mala' an 
end of all." 

The Christmas of 1020, in old York, was a 
day long remembered. . To the usual hilarities 
of the season were added the crowd and confu- 
sion of an exciting election. Amid the drinking 
of tankards of ale and cups of gooseberry wine, 
there was angry discussion of the merits of the 
contestants, emphasized with round and coarse 



22 TERRA HARMS. 

Saxon oaths, until toward night the cheers for 
Went worth and Calvert decided the contest. 

Previous to the assembling of Parliament pub- 
lic opinion was decidedly against James. An 
intelligent foreigner wrote : " Consider for pity's 
sake what must be the state and condition of a 
prince, whom the preachers publicly from the 
pulpit assail; whom the comedians of the me- 
tropolis covertly bring upon the stage; whose 
wife attends these representations in order to 
enjoy the laugh against her husband; whom the 
Parliament braves and despises, and who is uni- 
versally hated by the whole people." 

One could not walk the streets of London, 
without hearing denunciatory language, nor en- 
ter the bookstores without beholding on the 
counters ludicrous caricatures, and sarcastic pam- 
phlets aimed at the King. In the library of the 
antiquary, Sir Robert Cotton, were frequently 
closeted Pym, Selden, Coke, and other brave 
and talented men, to arrange plans of opposition 
against the monarch who had announced that 
" he would govern according to the good of the 
Commonwealth, but not according to the com- 
mon will." 

At the opening of the Parliament, James, in 
his address, said: "It is the King that makes 
laws, and ye are to advise him to make such as 
will be best for the Commonwealth." 

Calvert stood firm for the royal prerogatives 
as thus interpreted, and early in the session 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 23 

uro*ed Parliament to accede to the demands for 
money, and to say less about their liberties and 
freedom of speech; and his course was so de- 
cided, that he "was censured for his forward- 
ness." 1 

Wentworth, his colleague, had still sympa- 
thies with the people, and was perplexed by the 
state of affairs. In a letter to his brother-in-law, 
Lord Clifford, heVrote: " The path we are like 
to walk in is now more narrow and slippery, yet 
not so difficult but may be passed with circum- 
spection, patience, and principally, silence." 

The discussions of Parliament, involving as 
they did the principles of the British Constitu- 
tion, the alleged bribery of so great a man as 
Lord Bacon, and the proposed marriage of Prince 
Charles to the Infanta of Spain, are still perused 
by the lover of civil and religious liberty with 
deep interest. 



1 "The first day of their sitting, Secretary Calvert made a 
speech for supply of the King's wants, which was thought un- 
timely, before anything else was treated of. * * * There 
was some crossing and contestation 'twixt Secretary Calvert 
and Coke at a Committee about the Spanish Ambassador, who 
is said to have almost as many come to his mass, as to the ser- 
mon at St. Andrew's over against him, and there is great com- 
plaint of the increase of Popery everywhere." — Chamberlain to 
Carleton, Feb. 10th, 1620-21. 

"The next day they met, which I think was on Monday, Sec- 
retary Calvert begins to speak, that his Majesty thought the 
first motion for obtaining liberty of speaking was very un- 
reasonable."— Mead to Stuteville, Feb. 10th, 1620-21. 



24 I FAIR A MAEIM, 

Av hen in November thej^ were preparing a 
petition to the King, asking that the Prince 
might form a Protestant alliance, Calvert men- 
tioned these proceedings to King James, which 
so enraged him that he instantly sent a letter to 
the Speaker, complaining of the "fiery, popular, 
and turbulent spirits" in the lower House, and 
forbidding them to inquire into the mysteries of 
State, or to concern themselves about the mar- 
riage of his son. The letter was arrogant and 
menacing, and roused Pym and others to pro- 
test, which terrified the Court: and Calvert, 
trying to still the storm, admitted the closing 
expressions of the King's to be incapable of de- 
fense, "calling them a slip of the pen at the 
close of a long answer." The apology was of no 
avail, and the Commons firmly asserted that 
there should be freedom of debate, and " from 
all impeachment, imprisonment, and molesta- 
tion," for anything said in the discussions of 
Parliament: and the King, coming to London, 
declared the protestation to be null, and tore it 
out of the records, dissolved the Parliament, and 
imprisoned Coke, Pym, Selden, and others. 

After this he granted indulgence to the Roman 
Catholics, and an order was sent to the judges, 
"that in their several circuits they discharge all 
prisoners for church recusancy, or for refusing 
the oath of supremacy, or for dispersing Papist 
books, or for hearing or saying mass.'' 

Shortly after the close of Parliament, Went- 



V 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 25 

worth moved to his country seat in Yorkshire, 
where both himself and wife were sick from 
fever contracted in London, and the latter, the 
eldest daughter of the Earl of Cumberland, died. 

During the same summer, Calvert was attached 
to his friend, by another and more powerful tie, 
a common affliction, which is thus announced in 
a letter written on August the tenth, 1622, and by 
a correspondent of Sir Dudley Carleton : " Two 
days since Secretary Calvert's lady went away in 
childbirth, leaving many little ones behind her." 

ISTot long after this sorrow, Sir George Cal- 
vert's eldest son married Anna, daughter of 
Thomas Earl Arundel, one of the most influen- 
tial Roman Catholic noblemen in the realm. 
For months, he was now busily employed as 
principal Secretary of State, in preparing the 
articles for the intended marriage of Charles 
with the Infanta of Spain, which were, when 
completed, sworn to by the King in the pres- 
ence of the two Spanish Ambassadors and 
twent3 7 -four privy councillors. 

Calvert had most devoutly wished for the con- 
summation of this marriage, and it was with 
great pleasure that he read a letter on February 
the twenty-seventh, 1(323, by an associate secre- 
tary, informing him that the Prince and the 
Duke of Buckingham, ten days before, disguised, 
and with the assumed names of Jack and Tom 
Smith, had quietly sailed for Madrid. 

3 



26 TERRA MARINE. 

To prevent excitement in England, all com- 
munications from the party in Spain were first 
transmitted in cypher to him, and then written 
out and read to the anxious Ivin^. A letter from 
the Secretary to Buckingham has been preserved, 
which we give in full : 

May it please your Lordship — 

All I ha/ve to say now is humbly to thank you 
for your last favor, in remembering me with a 
letter, though it is more than I look for. It 
shall be enough at all times, if it please your 
Lordship, that I may understand your command- 
ments by Mr. Francis Cottington, and that I re- 
main in your favor. Here is amongst all men 
an universal joy for the good news brought us 
by Mr. Grymes, 1 and we have made the best 
expressions of it we can for the present. 

I hope it shall every day increase; first, for 
the general good, and next, for the great part of 
honor your Lordship hath in it, wherein God 
make you as happy as ever man was! And so I 
rest, 

Your Lordship's humble 

And most faithful servant, 

Geo. Calvert. 

St. Martin's Lane, 3 April, 1623. 



1 Grymes, gentleman of the horse to Buckingham. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 27 

In the year 1624 both Wentworth and Calvert 
were members of Parliament, the latter now rep- 
resenting Oxford. Owing to sickness, Went- 
worth was detained for a brief period at his 
country seat, and on recovery wrote, on April 
the twenty-eighth, to his former colleague : 

"Matter worthy your trouble these parts afford 
none, where our objects and thoughts are limited 
in looking upon a tulip, hearing a bird sing, a 
rivulet murmuring, or some such petty yet inno- 
cent pastime, which for my part I begin to feed 
myself in, having, I praise God, recovered more 
in a day, by an open country air, than in a fort- 
night's time in that smothering one of London. 
By my troth, I wish you divested of the impor- 
tunity of business, here for a half dozen hours; 
you should taste how free and fresh we breathe, 
and how, procul metu fruimur modestis opibus, 
a wanting sometimes, to persons of greater emi- 
nency in the administration of commonwealths." 

Although deeply interested in home affairs, 
Calvert had, like the rest of the public men of 
his age, endeavored to obtain wealth by colo- 
nizing the New World. 

He was not only a member of the Virginia Com- 
pany, but on July the fifth, 1622, he and Daniel 
Gookin Gent were voted by the New England 
Company to be admitted as members of the as- 
sociation, and about this time he received a 
grant for the whole country of Newfoundland, 



28 TERRA MARINE. 

which was recalled, and on March the thirtieth, 
1623, a new grant issued, with alteration and 
addition of some particular points for better en- 
couraging that plantation, which was again modi- 
fied on the seventh of April, and letters patent 
issued to Sir George Calvert, his heirs and as- 
signs, forever, of all that entire portion of land 
situate within Newfoundland, and all islands 
within ten leagues of the eastern shore thereof, 
to he incorporated into a province called Avalon. 1 
The affairs of the Virginia Company were at 
this time in great confusion, factions prevailed 
in the colony, and among the Directors at home. 
The Earl of Southampton, Lord Cavendish, Sir 
Ed. Sackville, and Sir Edwin Sandys, the leaders 
of one side, and the Earl of Warwick and others, 
the leaders of the opposition. A few days after 
the Newfoundland patent was issued, they ap- 
peared before the King with their grievances, 
and Sackville bore himself so insolently that the 
King "was fain to take him down soundly and 
roundly," and on the fourteenth of May Calvert 



1 Lord Baltimore's colony was begun in 1620. Whitbourne, 
in bis description of Newfoundland, published in 1622, says: 
"The Right Hon. Sir George Calvert, Secretary to the King's 
most excellent Majesty, hath undertaken to plant a colony of 
his Majesty's subjects in the country, and hath already most 
worthily sent thither in these last two years a great number, 
with all means for their livelihood, and they are building houses, 
clearing off land, and making salt." 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 29 

wrote, under instructions, that the election of 
officers, which the King recommended to the es- 
pecial care of the Virginia Company, was yester- 
day, by the King, in council, ordered to be put off. 

The dissatisfaction with the company arose 
out of the greed, that had been manifested to en- 
rich themselves to the discomfort of the settlers 
in the plantations, and also because of the " popu- 
larness of the government," the legislative as- 
sembly in Virginia being decidedly democratic 
in its views. 

The colony was really in a forlorn condition, 
and after fifteen years of care numbered only 
twelve hundred and seventy-five whites, seventy- 
six of whom lived on the Eastern Shore, and 
twenty-two negroes. 

The General Assembly of Virginia, in a state- 
ment of their grievances under Sir Thomas 
Smythe's government, draw a picture which 
seems too frightful to be literally received. 
"The allowances of food in those times," said 
they, " for a man was loathsome, and not fit for 
beasts ; many fled for relief to the savages, but 
were taken again, and hung, shot, or broken on 
the wheel; one man, for stealing meal, had a 
bodkin thrust through his tongue, and was 
chained to a tree until he starved. Many dug 
holes in the earth and hid themselves until they 
famished. So great was the scarcity that they 
were constrained to eat dogs, cats, rats, and 

3* 



30 TERRA MARINE. 

snakes, and one man killed bis wife to eat, for 
which he was burned. Many fed on corpses; 
and some wished Sir Thomas Smythe on the 
back of a mare which the Indians had killed 
and were boiling." 

Disheartened, they sought relief in drunken- 
ness. "Dupper's stinking beer" arrived in every 
vessel, and one captain boasted that with four 
bottles of wine he would clear the expenses of a 
whole voyage. 

This condition of affairs led to many personal 
altercations, and George Harrison, in a duel with 
Richard Stevens, was wounded in the knee, from 
the effects of which he died in ten days. Such 
reports from Jamestown only tended to increase 
the discord of the meetings of the Virginia 
Company. Sir Francis Nethersole told a friend, 
"that the factions in the company were as vio- 
lent as between Guelphs and Ghibelines, and 
they seldom met but they quarreled. If the so- 
ciety be not dissolved soon, or remodeled, worse 
effects may follow." The Earl of Warwick and 
Lord Cavendish, at one meeting, called each other 
liars. 

On the sixteenth of June, 1624, the charter of 
the company was declared void. Wentworth, 
writing to his kinsman, the virtuous Christo- 
pher Wandesforde, humorously says: " yesterday 
Virginia patent was overthrown at the King's 
Bench, so an end of that plantation's savings. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 31 

"Methinks I imagine the Quatemity before 
this have had a meeting of comfort and consola- 
tion, stirring up each other to bear it coura- 
geously, and Sir Edwin Sandys in the midst of 
them sadly sighing forth, Oh ! the burden of 
Virginia." 

In the place of the old directors, a provisional 
government was formed by the King, of which 
Calvert was a member. From the day that 
Buckingham broke off the negotiations at Mad- 
rid, relative to the marriage of Charles, Calvert's 
position became unpleasant. He had been fully 
committed to the scheme, he did not dream of 
its failure, and late in May, 1623, he wrote that 
" orders are given for all things needful for the 
reception of the Prince and the Infanta." 

When the intelligence reached England that 
the deep-laid plan had been unsuccessful, he not 
only suffered from personal disappointment, but 
with the populace he was an object of obloquy, be- 
cause an acknowledged leader of what was called 
the Spanish Party, and therefore it was not poli- 
tic for the King to appear on terms of great in- 
timacy. 

The whole of the year 1624 was one of anxiety 
for him, as extracts from various letters prove. 
Early in April, one wrote that Secretary Calvert 
was in ill health, and talked of resigning his 
office to Sir Dudley Carleton. A day or two 
after, it is said "that he is on ill terms with the 



32 TERRA MARLi:. 

King and Prince Charles, and is called to ac- 
count among other things for detaining letters a 
year ago, at the request of the French Ambassa- 
dor." The next month some one thinks, the 
Secretary does not mean to resign, but by feign- 
ing it, to induce the King to give him a larger 
share of business. 

But the letters written to Sir Dudley Carleton, 
then abroad in the public service, by his son, 
probably tell the truth. He tells his father that 
Secretary Calvert proposes to resign on the 
ground of ill health, and that he is willing to sell 
the Secretaryship to him for six thousand pounds ; 
that Lord Hollis had offered eight thousand, and 
Sir John Suckling seven thousand. 

Buckingham had not been on good terms with 
Calvert for some time, and he approved of his 
proposed resignation, and some whispered if he 
did not resign he would be displaced. 

The summer had now come, and faint in heart 
and sick in body he retired to his country seat, 
Thistleworth, where he was cheered by pleasant 
letters from his constant friend, Wentworth, who 
was rusticating in Yorkshire. 

In a letter dated August the twenty-fourth, 
1624, Wentworth alludes to the rumored retire- 
ment in these words : 

" Since you are like those ancient Romans re- 
tired from Court to the harmless delights of 
Tusculanie, 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 35 

prefer as colleague, but that Calvert was recon- 
ciled to Buckingham, who had assured him that 
he should have the option of refusing any offer 
made for his place." 

Six weeks before James died, the sale of the 
Secretaryship was effected. An old letter thus 
announces the intelligence : " Sir Albert Morton 
is at New Market, and is sworn in, Secretary 
Calvert giving him the seals for £6000 and an 
Irish barony either for him or any one who likes 
it. Young Hungerford is made a baronet by 
payment, this being the true golden age." 1 

Two weeks after, he went on a journey to 
Yorkshire, in company with Sir Tobias Mat- 
thew, who became a Jesuit in 1617, and was 
obliged to retire to the Continent, but on his re- 
turn was received into favor, and knighted in 
1623, and afterward devoted himself to poetry 
and literature. 

Archbishop Abbot, a cotemporary, referring 
to the affair of the resignation, says : " Secretary 



1 Chamberlain, in a letter to Sir Dudley Carleton, gives a 
little different version. He says: "Sir Albert Morton is not 
yet returned from New Market, though I hear he be sworn, 
and hath the seals delivered him by Sir George Calvert, Avho 
had £3000 of him, and is to have as much more, somewhere, 
besides an Irish barony for himself, or where he list to bestow 
it, for his benefit. Young Hungerford is made a baron en 
payant; for this is the true Golden Age, no penny, no pater 
7ioster.' n 



36 TERRA MARINE. 

Calvert hath never looked merrily since the 
Prince's coming out of Spain. It was thought 
that lie was much interested in the Spanish 
affair. A course was I a ken to rid him of all em- 
ployments and negotiations. 

"This made him discontented; and, as the 
saying is, 'desperatio Tacit monachum,' so he ap- 
parently turned Papist,which he now professeth, 
this being the third time he hath been to blame 
thai way. His Majesty, to dismiss him, suffered 
him to resign his Secretary's place to Sir Alber- 
tus Morton, who paid him £3000 for the same, 
and the Kino- hath made him Baron of Balti- 
more in Ireland. So he is withdrawn from us, 
and having bought a ship of 400 tons, lie is 
going to .Newfoundland, where he hath a col- 
ony.'' 

The effort to sail this year was not successful, 
for another writes on April the ninth,1625: "It is 
said the Lord Baltimore is now a professed Papist, 
was going to Newfoundland, and is stayed." 

It is difficult to tell the precise time of Cal- 
vert's conversion to Romanism, but there is rea- 
son to suppose that it was a long period before 
he made open profession. A writer of that era, 
Bishop Q-oodman, who had become a Roman 
Catholic, gives the following account: 

"The third man who was thought to gain by 
the Spanish match, was Secretary Calvert; and 
as he was the only secretary employed in the 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 37 

Spanish match, ho undoubtedly he did whal 
good offices he could therein for religion's sake, 
being infinitely addicted to the Roman Catholic 
faith, having been converted thereunto by Count 
Gondomar and Counl Arundel, whose daughter 
Secretary Calvert's son had married; and as it 
was said, the Secretary did actually catechise his 
own children, bo as to ground them in his own 
religion; and in his besl room having an altar 
set up, with chalice, candlesticks, and all other 
ornaments, he brought all strangers thither, 
never concealing anything, as if his whole joy 
and comfort had been to make open profession 
of his religion." 

While state policy required his removal from 
the Secretaryship, and was, owing to some 
stay law, prevented from going to Newfound- 
land, he was still in favor with Charles tin- First, 
and was tin- next year called from his retirement 
in [reland, to be employed at Brussels in a treaty 
of peace. It was announced by a London corre- 
spondent, under date of March the second, 1626—7, 
"that the talk of divers greal commissioners to 
go over, ahont a treaty of peace still hold-, and 
Sir George Calvert, senl for out of [reland for 
that service, is now come, and on Tuesday rode 
with the Duke's grace toward the Court." 

For some reason he did not go to Brussels, 
and again was busy in making preparations to 
visit his colony of Avalon. From his Lodgings 

4 



38 TERRA MAR1M. 

in the Surry, he wrote to the Secretary of the 
Duke of Buckingham, on April the seventh, ask- 
ing him for the speedy dispatch of the warrant for 
his ships, the Ark of Avalon, one hundred and 
sixty tons burden, and the George of Plymouth, 
one hundred and forty tons, to be exempted 
from the general stay, as Sir Arthur Aston was 
waiting to sail. 

Charles, from the day of his accession, mani- 
fested a desire to be " every inch a king." He 
was restive under the restrictions of Parliament, 
and raised moneys under the privy seal. His 
extortions were so large, that a great party, 
known in distinction from the Court as the 
Country party, arose. To this Wentworth, as a 
former member of Yorkshire, at first allied him- 
self, and when the King, under a privy seal, de- 
manded a loan of him, he refused it as unconsti- 
tutional. 

Calvert, now Lord Baltimore, who was with 
his whole heart on the side of the King, was 
distressed at the position of his friend, and 
urgently wrote : " I have been here now some 
two or three months, a spectator upon this great 
scene of State, where I have no part to play; but 
you have, for which your friends are sorry. It is 
your enemies, that bring you on the stage, when 
they have a hope to see you act your own nota- 
ble harm ; and therefore keep yourself off, I be- 
seech you, et redimas te quam queas minimo. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 39 

Furnish not your enemies with matter of tri- 
umph when, without detriment either to your 
honor or conscience, you may give them the foil 
if you will; and remember the old tale of the 
rain that fell upon all the world except two that 
kept themselves in a cellar, and how sorry they 
were afterward for their providence. * * * 
So neither forfeit your own, nor by your example 
prejudice the common right of the subject/' 

During the latter part of May, Lord Baltimore 
obtained the Long-desired leave, to visit his pos- 
sessions in Newfoundland. 

lie went not as a religious exile, nor as a curi- 
osity seeker, but to save his investments if pos- 
sible. Frankly he tells a friend : "I must either 
go and settle it in better order, or else give it 
over, and lose all the charges I have been a1 hith- 
erto for other men to build their fortunes upon. 

"And I had rather be esteemed a fool by some 
for the hazard of one month's journey, than to 
prove myself one certainly for six years by past, 
if the business be now Losl for the want of: a 
little pains and care. 1 ' 

Three or four days before his departure, he 
made another Btrong appeal to Wentworth to 
yield to the King's demands: "J should say 
much more to you were yon here, which is not 
lit for paper; but never put off the matter of 
your appearance here, for God's sake; bu1 send 
your money into the collector's without more 
ado. 



40 TERRA MARLE. 

"At Michaelmas I hope to he with yon, God 
willing. In the mean time, I shall he in great 
fear that your too much fortitude will draw upon 
you suddenly a misfortune which your heart 
may perhaps endure, hut the rest of your hody 
will ill suffer. * * * * The conquering way 
sometimes is yielding, and so is it, I conceive, in 
this particular of yours, when you shall both 
conquer your own passions and vex your ene- 
mies, who desire nothing more than your resist- 
ance." 

These earnest, loving words, touched the im- 
pulsive Wentworth, and in a few weeks he de- 
serted the Country and joined the Court party. 
Pym, who had heen intimate with him, was 
astounded, and made a prophetic speech : 
"Though you leave us now, I will never leave 
you, while your head is upon your shoulders." 

Parliament was dissolved in June, the twenty- 
sixth, and on the fourteenth of next month 
Wentworth was rewarded with a baronetcy, with 
the expectation of further honors, which rapidly 
followed. 

Before Wentworth deserted the Country party, 
Lord Baltimore had departed for Newfound- 
land in a ship of three hundred tons and twenty- 
four guns, and arrived at the settlement of 
Ferryland about the twenty-third of July. The 
companions of his journey were Longvyll and 
Anthony Smith, two Seminary priests. Robert 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 41 

Haynian, 1 who was Governor of Newfoundland 
and a bigoted Protestant, composed a quodlibet 
on the occasion of his arrival : 

"Great Sheba's wise queen travel'd far to see 
Whether the truth did with report agree; 
You, by report persuaded, laid out much, 
Then wisely came to see if it were such ; 
You came and saw, admired what you had seen 
With like success as the wise Sheba queen. 
If every sharer here would take like pain, 
This land would soon be peopled to their gain." 

After remaining a few months, he returned to 
England, taking the priest Longvyll with him. 
During the spring of 1628, he sailed a second 
time with his family, a priest named Hacket, and 
others, about forty in all. During the summer, 
he was obliged to contend with many difficulties, 
and found no place that was a ''Heart's Con- 
tent." In a letter from Ferrylaud, written on 
the twenty-fifth of August, he pours forth his 
troubles to the Duke of Buckingham : 

"The King once told him that he wrote as fair 
a hand to look upon afar off as any man in Eng- 
land ; but that when any one came near they 



1 Hayman was educated at Exeter College, Oxford, and then 
studied law. But the courts of the Muses were more attractive 
than those of Lincoln's Inn, and his associates were Ben Jon- 
son, and Owen, the Epigrammatist. At the age of forty he was 
appointed Governor of a Newfoundland plantation, and there 
composed his Quodlibets, which were published in London in 

1628. 

4* 



42 TERRA MARIM, 

were not able to read a word. He then got a 
dispensation to use another man's, for which he 
is thankful, as writing is a great pain to him now. 
( )wes an account of his proceedings in this planta- 
tion to the Duke, since it was under his Grace's 
patronage that he went out. He came, to build 
and set and sow, but he has fallen to fighting 
with Frenchmen." 

The details of the sea-fight are then given. 
De la Bade, with three ships and four hundred 
men, " many of them gentlemen of quality, la 
fieur de la jeunesse de Normandye," had ap- 
peared off' the fishing banks and captured several 
vessels. 

Lord Baltimore sent two ships in pursuit, one 
cariwing twenty-four guns. Upon their approach, 
the French in alarm dropped their captures, and 
the English took six prizes and sixty-seven pris- 
oners, which Baltimore had to support all the 
summer. The longer he continued at Ferryland 
the less hopeful he became, and this summer 
Hay man wrote another quodlibet in reference to 
Baltimore's meditated return from the colony: 

"Your honor, hath got your honor in your day ; 
It is my honor you my verses praise. 
0! let your honor cheerfully go on, 
End well your well-begun plantation. 
This holy, hopeful work you have half-done, 
For, best of any, you have well begun. 
If you give over what hath so well sped, 
Your solid wisdom will be questioned." 



TEE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 43 

During the autumn of 1628, he appears to have 
sent over Leonard Calvert to look after the prizes 
and interests of the colony, and he humbly peti- 
tions that he may have a share in the prizes, that 
had been taken from the French by the ships 
Benediction and Victory, and that a letter of 
marque ante- dated might be issued, so that he 
may receive his proportion. His brother-in-law, 
Will. Feasley, also presents his petition to the 
Lords of the Admiralty, asking for the use of 
the ship St. Claude for preservation of the King's 
rights and many subjects in Newfoundland. 

The Rev. Erasmus Sturton, who was the Prot- 
estant minister at Ferryland, in consequence of 
some dissatisfaction, left there on the twenty- 
sixth of August, and the following October, at 
Plymouth, England, made complaint of the 
proselyting efforts of the priests who had ac- 
companied Baltimore. He stated, that every 
Sunday mass and all the ceremonies of the 
Church were performed, and that the child of 
one William Pool, a Protestant, was baptized 
into the Church of Rome, contrary to the will 
of his father. 

In the spring of the year 1629, the St. Claude, 
under a letter of marque, with Leonard Calvert as 
supercargo, sailed for Newfoundland, and on Au- 
gust the nineteenth, in a letter to the King, writ- 
ten at Ferryland, Baltimore "gives thanks upon 
his knees for the loan of a fair ship;" complains 



44 TERRA MARIJE. 

of the calumny and malice of those who seek to 
make him appear foul in his Majesty's eyes, and 
of the slanderous reports raised at Plymouth last 
winter hy an audacious man, 1 who was banished 
the colony for his misdeeds; has met with diffi- 
culties in this place no longer to be resisted, and 
is forced to shift to some warmer climate of the 
New "World, where the winters are shorter and 
less rigorous ; speaks of the severity of the 
weather from October to May, both land and 
sea frozen the greatest part of the time. " His 
house has been a hospital all the winter; of one 
hundred persons, fifty sick at one time, he being 
one ; also nine or ten have died. His strength 
is much decayed; but his inclination carries him 
naturally to proceedings in plantations." He 



1 Sturton became the Chaplain of Lord Anglesea. Hayman 
seems to have liked him, as he dedicated the following " To 
my Reverend, kind friend Erasmus Sturton, Preacher of the 
Word of God and Parson of Ferryland, in the Province of Ava- 
lon, in Newfoundland : 

"No man should be more welcome to this place 
Than such as you, Angel of peace and grace; 
As you were sent here by the Lord's command, 
Be you the blest Apostle of this land ; 
To Infidels do you evangelize, 
Making those that are rude sober and wise. 
I pray the Lord, that did you hither send, 
Our cursings, swearing, jouring 1 mend." 



1 Joining, a provincialism for murmuring. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 45 

then requests a grant of a precinct of land in 
Virginia, where he wishes to remove with some 
forty persons, with such privileges as King James 
granted to him in Newfoundland. Soon after 
this, without waiting a reply from the King, he 
sent his children to England, and with his lady 
visited Virginia. Upon his arrival at James- 
town, the Governor (West) and Council, com- 
posed of William Clayborne and others, called 
him before them and inquired what his purpose 
was, being Governor of another plantation, to 
abandon that and come thus to Virginia, He 
replied that he came to plant and dwell. " Very 
willingly, my Lord," they answered, " if your 
Lordship will do what we have done and what 
your duty is to do." 

They then administered the oath of allegiance, 
which he cheerfully took, but refused that of 
supremacy. Whereupon they told him that they 
dared not admit any man into their settlement 
who would not acknowledge all the prerogatives 
of his Majesty, and asked him to depart in the 
next ship. Leaving his lady in Virginia, he 
hastened to England, to find that on November 
the twenty-second the King, in a letter dated 
" White-Hall," had written to him that, " Seeing 
his plantation in Newfoundland has not answered 
expectations, that he is in pursuit of new coun- 
tries, and weighing that men of his condition 
and breeding are fitter for other employments 



46 TERRA MAR I At. 

than the framing of new plantations, which com- 
monly have rugged and laborious beginnings, 
the King has thought tit to advise him to desist 
from further prosecuting his designs, and to re- 
turn to his native country, where he shall enjoy 
such respect as his former services and later en- 
deavors justly deserve." 

A letter written by Mead, of Christ College, 
to Sir Martin Stuteville, thus alludes to these 
events: "My Lord Baltimore, alias Sir George 
Calvert, being weary of his intolerable plantation 
at Newfoundland, where he hath found between 
eight and nine months winter, and upon the 
land nothing but rocks, lakes or morasses like 
bogs, which one might thrust a spike down to the 
butt-head, for so Mr. James, Sir Robert Cotton's 
library-keeper, 1 who was sent minister thither 
some nine years ago, describes the place; his 



1 Richard James was born in 1608, and was a very young 
man when in Newfoundland, and soon returned to England. 
Educated at Oxford, he proved a very good scholar, and although 
a clergyman by profession, he was looked upon as a trifler and 
jester. He published several works and poems. Some have 
asserted that he was an illegitimate son of Sir Robert Cotton. 
He was that gentleman's librarian, and without permission, 
lent a manuscript written by Dudley, an English nobleman liv- 
ing in Italy, the contents of whicli being made public, led to 
Cotton's arrest, and broke his heart. James died in 1638, at 
the house of Sir Thomas Cotton, a son of Sir Robert. (See 
Atheiue Oxonienses, and Gentleman's Magazine, 1767 and 
1768.) 



THE FIRST LOUD BALTIMORE. 47 

Lordship this last summer sent home all his 
children into England, and went with his lady 
into Virginia." 

Governor John Pott, Samuel Matthews, Roger 
Smyth, and William Clayhorne remonstrated 
with the Privy Council, in behalf of the Colony 
of Virginia, relative to Baltimore's visit. In a 
communication of November the thirteenth, they 
state: "That about the beginning of October 
last Lord Baltimore arrived in Virginia, from 
his plantation in Newfoundland, with intention, 
as they are informed, to plant to the southward, 
but has since seemed willing to reside with his 
family at this place. He, and some of his fol- 
lowers, being of the Romish religion, utterly re- 
fused to take the oaths of supremacy and allegi- 
ance, tendered to them according to instructions 
received from King James. As they have been 
made happy in the freedom of their religion, 
they implore that, as heretofore, no Papists may 
be suffered to settle among them." 

Notwithstanding the rude treatment he had 
met in Virginia, the King was friendly, for in 
December Baltimore not only asks for a letter 
from the Privy Council to the Governor of Vir- 
ginia in behalf of his lady still there, to aid her 
in returning to England, but also prays for a 
grant of a portion of land in Virginia, the King 
having given him leave to choose a part. 

The first winter after Baltimore's return, a 



48 TERRA MARIJE. 

fresh interest was created in the New World, hy 
the arrival of a chief, and his wife and son, from 
Nova Scotia. They were treated with much at- 
tention, particularly by Lord Poulet, in Somer- 
setshire, and Lady Poulet took the chief's wife 
up to London and presented her with a necklace 
and diamond. 

Pory, the celebrated scholar and traveler, and 
at one time Secretary of the Colony of Virginia, 
in a letter to Joseph Mead, chaplain of Arch- 
bishop Laud, written on February the twelfth, 
1(329-30, makes rather a satirical allusion to 
Lord Baltimore's attempt to induce settlement 
in his plantations. His words are: 

"Now for the King, Queen, and Prince of 
Newfoundland; they have no relation to Vir- 
ginia, nor to my Lord Baltimore's being there, 
who, though his Lordship is extolling that coun- 
try to the skies, yet he is preparing a bark to 
send to fetch his lady and servants from thence, 
because the King will not permit him to go back 
again. And for that King and Prince so much 
talked of, I hold them of no great importance 
against the French, by reason of the paucity of 
their subjects, who if they be one hundred men, 
women, and children, it is a great matter in that 
horrid region. But if the principal patentee of 
that nourishing new kingdom can, by making 
show and ostentation of them, effect his project 
(A' creating an order of baronets of New Scot- 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 49 

land, 1 who, for <£500, shall have precedence of all 
Scotch and Erish baronets, of all English also of 
a Future creation; shall have the privilege of 
being free from arrests; shall have one thousand 
acres of land in that tract, and a ribbon, with at) 
order hanging thereto, for distinction's sake, 
then 1 will extol him for his wit and industry." 

John Harvey, the G-overnor of Virginia, ap- 
pointed by King Charles, after the death of 
Xeardley, arrived in Jamestown early in 1630, 
and he seems to have brought to justice those 
thai had been rude to Lord Baltimore at the 
time of his visit. A record of March the twenty- 
fifth, 1630, reads: " Thomas Tindall to be pilloried 
two hours for giving my Lord Baltimore the lie. 
and threatening to knock him down.'" 2 

No one welcomed back Baltimore more cor- 
dially than Charles, and a letter written from the 
Castle Yard on August the twelfth, 1630, to his 
old friend. Lord Wentworth, shows that his rela- 
tions with the Court were very pleasant: "All 
here at home are as your Lordship left US, saving 
only, that the Prince's nurse is very sick of a 
fever, and lor that cause another is in her room. 
The Prince himself, thanks be to God, is very 

1 Sir W. Alexander, Secretary of State for Scotland, and 
called by James "his philosophic poet," was the patentee of New 
Scotland, or Nova Scotia, and he sold baronetcies, with heraldic 
medals, but it proved a poor speculation. 

-' Hening's Statutes, vol. i. 



50 TERRA MARIM. 

well, and so are the King and Queen; and, as I 
heard this very day, the Queen discovered to be 
with child again; but that, being yet but 
women's news, is not to be talked till everybody 
may see it. I pray God it be true." 1 

During the spring of this year Francis West, 
who had been Governor, William Clayborne, 
Secretary, and William Tucker, one of the 
Council of Virginia, were in London resisting 
the planting of a new colony within the limits 
of the settled parts of Virginia. 

Baltimore received from Charles the First, sev- 
eral tokens of good will. On March the thirty- 
first a warrant was issued " to pay to George Lord 
Baltimore £2000, to be deducted out of the in- 
crease of subsidy on raw silk importation;" and 
on the third of October, on condition of resign- 
ing pension previously granted, a pension of 
£1000 annually was substituted. 

A few days after this, his intimate friend 
Wentworth lost his second wife Arabella, the 
beautiful daughter of Earl Clare, which elicited 
from Baltimore a letter of condolence, imbued 
with the sublime teachings of Christianity : 

My Lord : 

Were not my occasions such as necessarily 
keep me here at this time, I would not send let- 

1 The "women's news" proved correct. The Princess Mary 
was born May 4, 1G31. 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 51 

ters, but fly to you myself, with all the speed I 
could, to express my own grief, and to take part 
of yours, which I know is exceedingly great, for 
the loss of so noble a lady, so virtuous and lov- 
ing a wife. 

There are few perhaps can judge of it better 
than I, who have been myself a long time a man 
of sorrows. But all things, my Lord, in this 
world pass away; statutum est, wife, children, 
honor, wealth, friends, and what else is dear to 
flesh and blood; they are but lent us till God 
please to call for them back again, that we may 
not esteem anything our own, or set our hearts 
upon anything but Him alone, who only remains 
forever. 

I beseech his Almighty Goodness to grant 
that your Lordship may, for his sake, bear this 
great cross with meekness and patience, whose 
only Son, our dear Lord and Saviour, bore a 
greater for you; and to consider that these 
humiliations, though they be very bitter, yet are 
they sovereign medicines, ministered unto us by 
our Heavenly Physician, to cure the sickness of 
our Souls, if the fault be not ours. 

Good my Lord ! bear with this excess of zeal 
in a friend, whose great affection to you trans- 
ports him to dwell longer upon this melancholy 
theme, than is needful to your Lordship, whose 
own wisdom, assisted with God's grace, I hope 
suggests unto you these and better resolutions, 



52 TERRA MARIJS. 

than I can offer to your remembrance. All I 
have to say more, is but this, that I humbly and 
heartily pray you so to dispose of yourself and 
your affairs (the rite being done to that noble 
creature) so as to be able to remove, as soon as 
conveniently you may, from those parts where 
so many things represent themselves unto you, 
as to make your wound bleed afresh ; and let us 
have you here, where the gracious welcome of 
your Master, the conversation of your friends, 
and variety of businesses, may divert your 
thoughts the sooner from sad objects, the con- 
tinuance whereof will but endanger your health, 
on which depends the welfare of your children, 
the comfort of your friends, and many other 
good things, for which I hope God will reserve 
you, to whose divine favor I humbly recommend 
you, and remain, 

Your Lordship's 

Most affectionate and faithful servant, 

Geo. Baltimore. 

From my Lodgings in 
Lincoln's Inn Fields, October 11, 1631. 

Baltimore had not the slightest sympathy with 
popular government, and he viewed with dis- 
pleasure the firm and manly opposition of the 
Parliament to the arrogant demands of the 
King. 

Finding but little comfort where the popular 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 53 

will was beginning to control, and being a favor- 
ite of King Charles, his leisure hours were occu- 
pied in writing a charter for a new plantation, 
in which he would be made sole proprietor, with 
little less than regal power, far above the will of 
the people, and at the same time contain provi- 
sions that would be attractive to settlers, as well 
as pecuniarily profitable to himself. 

After it was prepared, it was submitted to and 
approved by Charles the First. Having left a 
blank for the name of the proposed colony, 
Charles inserted Terra Marise, in honor of his 
French wife, Queen Mary, as Henrietta was fre- 
quently called. Ogilby says, that had not the 
King used his privilege of giving a name, it was 
Baltimore's intention to have called the pro- 
posed new settlement, Crescentia. 

An analysis of the charter proves it to be des- 
titute of a single democratic element. By it he 
and his heirs were created true and absolute 
Lords and Proprietaries of the region ; with 
free, full, and absolute power to ordain, make, 
and enact laws, with the advice, assent, and ap- 
probation of the freemen of the province, and 
with authority to appoint all judges, justices, and 
constables. 

The freemen could only meet in Assembly 
with his permission, and the eighth section ex- 
pressly provides that he may make wholesome 
ordinances from time to time, to be kept and 

5* 



54 TERRA MA RLE. 

observed, on the ground that it might be neces- 
sary, before the freeholders of said province 
could be convened for the purpose. As he could 
not, by the laws of England, make the Church 
of Rome the established Church, a check was 
held on all religious denominations, by, securing 
the patronage of all churches that should happen 
to be built. 1 

Desiring to be just, and to promote what he 
thought were the best interests of the colonists, 
it was far from his intention that they should 
molest him, as the Parliament were troubling 
Charles, and as the democratic Virginia Assem- 
bly had annoyed him and others. 

Believing an aristocracy to be a desirable ele- 
ment in society, the first part of the fourteenth 
section of the charter reads thus : 

" Moreover, lest in so remote and far distant 
a region, every access to honors and dignities 
may seem to be precluded, and utterly barred to 



1 Chalmers says: "The rights of the Parliament were care- 
fully alluded to, but the prerogatives of the Crown and the 
rights of the nation were in a great measure overlooked and 
forgotten." 

The copy of the Annals which I have used in my investiga- 
tions is the presentation copy to Lord Hailes, on a leaf of which, 
in the author's handwriting, is the following: 

" Sir John Dalrymple, Bart., the author, presents these Annals, 
which had never been written but for his advice, the only merit 
of which is owing to his kindness, as an evidence of the con- 
sideration and gratitude of the author." 



THE FIRST LORD BALTIMORE. 55 

men well born, who are preparing to engage in 
the present expedition, and desirous of deserv- 
ing well both in peace and war, of us and our 
kingdoms ; for this cause, we do give free and 
plenary power to the aforesaid now Baron of 
Baltimore, and to his heirs and assigns, to confer 
favors, rewards, and honors upon such subjects, 
inhabiting within the province aforesaid, as shall 
be well deserving, and to adorn them with what- 
ever titles and dignities they shall appoint." 

Before the grant was formally made out, Bal- 
timore became sick, and after sending a fare- 
well message to his long tried friend Went- 
worth, he died on April the thirteenth, 1632, and 
was buried in the chancel of St. Dunstan's West, 
London. 1 



1 George Calvert married Anne, daughter of George Mynne, 
who died in August, 1622, who had given birth to ten children 
before he became Secretary. Burke, in his "Extinct Peerage," 
mentions but four : 

Cecil, his successor. 

Leonard, Governor of Maryland. 

Anna, wife of William Peasley, Esq. 

Grace, wife of Sir Robert Talbot, of County Kildare, Ire- 
land. 

George, who accompanied Leonard to America, it is thought 
died in Virginia. 

The lady who accompanied him to Newfoundland and Vir- 
ginia, does not appear to have been his wife, and Stuyvesant 
says that Governor Philip Calvert was an illegitimate son. 



CHAPTER SECOND. 

CECILIUS BALTIMORE, AND FORMATIVE PERIOD 
OF THE colon v. 




EREE months after the remains of the 
first Lord Baltimore were deposited in 
ihc chance] of St. Dunstan's, London, 
bhe patent that liad been promised to him was 
formally issued in the name of Cecilius, his son 
:iikI successor. 

By its provisions he was empowered to trans- 
port, by his own industry and experience, a nu- 
merous colony of the English nation, to "</ coun- 
try hitherto uncultivated, extending from Watkin's 
Point, near the River W^gho | Pocomoke], unto 
thai part of the Bay <>i* Delaware on the north 
which lieth under the fortieth degree of north 
latitude, where New England is terminated." 
The charter granted by Charles, in the sixth sec- 
tion adds: "Thai the aforesaid region may be 
eminently distinguished, above al] other regions 
of that territory, and decorated with more ample 
titles, know ye, thai W"e, of our more special 
grace, have thoughl lit that the said region and 
( 56 ) 



CECILIUS BALTIMORE. 57 

islands be united into a Province, and nominate 
the same Maryland, by which name we will 
thai it shall from henceforth be called." 

Hayman, in bis book of Quodlibets, published 
in Loudon in L628, alludes to the Newfoundland 
plantation of Lord Baltimore in these lines: 

" Jour's is a Holy, jubI plantation, 
Ami not a jostling supplantation." 

The same could scarcely be said of the Maryland 
Plantation, for as soon as the charter was issued 
ii was felt by many to be partial and arbitrary. 1 

Members of the old Virginia Company im- 
mediately offered objections, on the grounds of 
law, equity, and inconvenience, which were sub- 
sequently followed \>y a remonstrance of the 

1 Kent and Palmer'e l sle bad already been occupied i>y Kng- 
Lish settlers. Palmer's [sle, at the mouth of Hi< ; Susquehanna, 
was probably named after I'M ward Palmer, of Leamington, 
Gloucester County, England. Camden says he was "a curious 
and diligent antiquary." He was an uncle of Sir Thomas Over- 
bury. 

Fuller, in bis "Worthies," says : "His plenteous estate af- 
forded ii J in opportunity to pul forward the ingenuity, implanted 

by nature, for the public good, resolving to erect an academy 

in Virginia. In order whereunto he purchased an island, called 
Palmer's l: land unto this day, but in pursuance thereof was at 
many thousand pound.-, expen e, some instruments employed 
therein not discharging the trusl reposed in them with corre- 
sponding fidelity. He was transplanted to another world, leav- 
ing to posterity the monument of his worthy out unfinished in- 
tention. This Edward Palmer died in London aboui L625." 



58 TERRA MARIJE. 

planters of Virginia. But the Baltimore influ- 
ence could not be overthrown in a Privy Council 
where lie was esteemed, and a powerful member 
of which was Wentworth, an old family friend, 
and on July the third, 1633, it was decided by 
them that Baltimore should not be disturbed, 
and a few days after a letter was written to the 
Governor and Council of Virginia, stating that 
Lord Baltimore intended to transport a number 
of persons " to that part called Maryland, which 
we have given him," and they are directed to 
give him friendly help and assistance in further- 
ance of his undertaking. 

Cecil Baltimore now earnestly labored to col- 
lect a colony for embarkation, but he found his 
pathway tilled with the thorns planted by oppo- 
nents. 

After the "Ark," a ship of four hundred tons, 
and the "Dove," a pinnace of fifty tons, were 
purchased, it was whispered that he designed to 
carry nuns and soldiers to Spain; then, after they 
had sailed, it was reported that they had not 
complied with the custom-house regulations, and 
Secretary Coke wrote to Admiral Pennington, 
that the Ark of London, Richard Lowe, master, 
carrying men for Lord Baltimore to his new 
plantation "in or about New England, " had 
sailed from Gravesend contrary to orders, the 
company in charge of Captain Winter not hav- 
ing taken the oath of allegiance. 



EMIGRANTS' BOARD BILLS UNPAID. 59 

The vessels were immediately pursued and 
brought back, and on the thirtieth of October 
license was granted for the Ark and Dove to go 
to Maryland, the oath having been administered 
to the passengers. 

Some bills having been unsettled, complaint 
was made against Lord Baltimore and his dep- 
uty, Gabriel Hawley. 

It set forth, that Hawley billeted men and 
women for Maryland, at twelve pence a day, in 
the houses of the complainants, and took them 
away without paying for their entertainment, 
amounting to about sixty pounds; and that Lord 
Baltimore refers them to Hawley, now a prisoner 
in the Fleet, and they ask that Lord Baltimore, 
whose ship is ready to sail, may be ordered to 
give satisfaction. 

Sir John Wostenholme and others also de- 
clared, that they had been at great charge in 
settling an island, by them named the Isle of 
Kent, and prayed that they might enjoy free 
trade, and that Lord Baltimore might settle in 
some other place. 

But toward the last of November all difficulties 
were surmounted, and they reached Cowes, in the 
Isle of "Wight, where probably the Jesuits came on 
board. On the twenty-second of November they 
weighed anchor, and steered for the New World. 
The gentlemen, not twenty in number, were on 
board of the Dove, Captain Winter in command : 



60 TERRA MARIJE. 

and the laboring men were stowed away in the 
Ark, under the charge of Captain Richard 
Lowe. 1 

The colony was not religious, but commercial, 
in its aims. The members thereof were Prot- 
estants and Roman Catholics. 

Among the few gentlemen of the colony were 
Leonard Calvert, aged twenty-six years, and 
George, a younger brother, who seems to have 
lived in Virginia, and died, there about the year 
1667. 2 The two councillors were Thomas Corn- 
wallis and Jerome Hawley. The former became 
a useful and valuable citizen of the province, 
and was probably the son of Sir Thomas Corn- 
wallis. Jerome Hawley had been one of the 



1 Cecilius Baltimore, in a letter to Wentworth, written from 
Odiham, January 10th, 1633-4, says: 

"I have, by the help of some of your Lordship's good friends 
and mine, overcome these difficulties, and sent a hopeful colony 
into Maryland, with a fair and favorable expectation of good 
success; however, without any danger of any great prejudice 
unto myself in respect that many others are joined with me in 
the adventure. There are two of my brothers gone, with very 
near twenty other gentlemen of very good fashion, and three 
hundred laboring men, well provided in all things." — Strafford's 
Dispatches and Letters, vol. i. 

2 Governor Maverick, of Massachusetts, wrote in October, 
1667: 

"That there had been a hurricane in Virginia, and it was 
said that Lord Baltimore's son had died." — N. Y. Col. Docu- 
ments. 



LABORING MEN IN THE ARK. 61 

gentlemen sewers of Queen Henrietta Maria, 
and was soon the Treasurer of the Colony of Vir- 
ginia, where he died. Four, at least, of the few 
remaining gentlemen were sons of titled Eng- 
lishmen, and members of old Roman Catholic 
families. 1 The laboring men on board of the 
Ark were largely Protestant, for Father White, 
in his journal, says that, of twelve that died. on 
the passage to America, only two were Roman 
Catholics. 

Deeply interested in the propagation of relig- 
ion, under the forms Baltimore approved, he dis- 
patched with the colonists Fathers Andrew White 
and John Altham, alias Gravener, of the Society 
of Jesus, with John Knowles and Thomas Ger- 
vase as assistants, two of whom appear on the 



1 In "A Relation of Maryland," published in 1635, repub- 
lished in 1865, is a list, of "very near twenty gentlemen," who 
were with the first colony : 

Leonard Calvert, George Calvert, his Lordship's brothers. 

Jerome Hawley, Esq., Thomas Cornwallis, Esq., Commis- 
sioners. 

Richard Gerard, son of Sir Thomas Gerard, K. B. 

Edward Wintour, Frederick Wintour, sons of Lady Anne 
Wintour. 

Henry Wiseman, son of Sir Thomas Wiseman, Bart. 

John Saunders, Thomas Dorrel, Edward Cranfield, Captain 
John Hill, Henry Green, John Medcalf, Nicholas Fairfax, Wil- 
liam Saire, John Baxter. 

Fairfax died at sea. 

G 



62 TERRA MARIJE,. 

catalogue of Jesuits of Clerkenwell College, that 
was in 1627 broken up. 1 

After tarrying twenty days at the Barbadoes, 
and fourteen at St. Christopher's, Leonard Cal- 
vert and party arrived on the twenty-fourth of 
February at Point Comfort, Va. Visiting Gov- 
ernor Harvey, at Jamestown, they did not leave 
that point until the third of March. On the fifth 
they were at the mouth of the Potomac, and 
then ascending fourteen leagues, they came to 
St. George Isle, and anchored at a an island 
near unto it which they called S. Clements," 
where they set up a cross, and took possession 
of this country "for our Saviour and for our 
Sovereign Lord the King of England," with 
ceremonies very similar to those which a poet 2 
has described in connection with the planting of 
Christianity in Great Britain: 

" In the bright 
Fringe of the living se«a, that came and went, 
Tapping its planks, a great ship sideways lay ; 
And o'er the sands a grave procession passed, 
Melodious with many a chanting voice. 
Nor spear, nor buckler had these foreign men ; 
Each wore a snowy robe, that downward flowed; 

1 These names are taken from the Catalogue of Clerkenwell 
College, in the Camden Soc. Publications: 

"Joes Gravenerius. 

"Thomas Gervasii. 

"Philippus Fisherus, alias Musket." 

Fisher was at St. Mary's in 1639. 

2 Alex. Smith, in "Edwin of Deira." 



ARRIVAL AT SAINT MARY. 63 

Fair in the front a silver cross they bore, 
A painted Saviour floated in the wind; 
The chanting voices, as they rose and fell, 
Hallowed the rude sea air." 

Leaving the Ark at the island, Calvert in his 
pinnace ascended the river as far as "Paschato- 
way," when he met Captain Henry Fleet, 1 an 
Englishman who had lived many years among 
the Indians. Descending the river again with 
Fleet as a guide, he was conducted up a small 
tributary to the Indian village of Yoacomaco, 
which, being well situated, was purchased from 
the Indians, and on the twenty-seventh of March, 
1634, the Governor took possession, and named 
the place Saint Mary's. Three days after the 
Ark, with the two pinnaces, came up from the 
island, and the next day they began to build a 
block and store-house, the colonists living on 
board of the ships until they were completed. 

A few days subsequent Governor Harvey, of 
Virginia, visited the infant settlement. 

The}- found the country w r ell stored with corn, 

1 The Admiralty, on July 10, 1G34, received the following 
petition of George Griffith & Co., proprietors of the ship War- 
wick, of London: 

"Three years past they set forth a ship to New England and 
Virginia, for trade and discovery, and appointed Henry Fleet 
their factor, with commission to return within one year; but, 
by authority of Sir John Harvey, Governor of Virginia, Fleet 
has restrained the vessel, and profits to the petitioners' great 
loss."— Col. State Papers, Col. Ser., p. 184, 



64 TERRA MARIM. 

and the Indian women taught them how to 
make it into bread. The ground being pre- 
pared for cultivation, they made gardens, and 
planted English seeds of all sorts, and the sum- 
mer proved wit favorable for vegetation. 

As soon as the plentiful harvesl of the firsl 
season was over, finding that, with what they 
had purchased from the Indians, they had more 
corn than was needed for the coming winter, the 
Little \h)\(\ a pinnace as dear to the descend- 
ants of Roman Catholics as the Mayflower is 
to the children of Puritans in America, sailed 
from Saint Mary lor Boston, laden with grain, 
and i\)\- the purpose of cultivating friendly rela- 
tions with the Colony of Massachusetts, over 
which the gentle and dignified Winthrop pre- 
sided, and whose descendants to this day have 
maintained a character lor personal bravery and 

scholarly culture. 

From the time that the Dove first appeared in 
the harbor of Boston, vessels constantly coasted 

from colony to colony, exchanging products. 

The crew at the time of their visit did not be- 
have very well. It was a, ride oi' the port that 
all vessels should anchor below the fort; also 
that no one should Land without a. permit, and 
thai all should return to their ships by sunset. 

The sailors of the Maryland pinnace did not 

like thus to he "cabined, cribbed, and confined," 

and Leaning over the side of the ship, they gave 



MARYLAND SAILORS AT BOSTON. 65 

vent to their animal spirits by shouting nick- 
names to the Puritans on shore, calling them 
the " brethren," and the ' w members," and, saith 
the grave Winthrop in his journal^ " did curse 
and swear most horribly, and use threaten- 
ing speeches." These ads caused virtuous in- 
dignation among the "solid men of Boston." 
The Governor, his assistants, and the divines 

were all consulted, and it was decided thai an 

example ought to be made of the evil-doers; but, 
as the sailors were nol on land, the knotty ques- 
tion arose, how shall we obtain them from the 
vessel? The Gordian knot was at last cut, by 
arresting the innocent supercargo, who hap- 
pened to be on shore, and causing him to give 
bail for the appearance of the offenders on the 
day fixed for trial. 

When the men of the sea were brought to 
court, a greater difficulty arose, for no one could 
positively swear as to the identity of the man or 
men who had jeered and blasphemed, and the 
ease was therefore dismissed, and a letter writ- 
ten to the captain, requesting him to bring 
among them "no more such disorderly per- 
sons." 

These prejudices against Puritans were not 
entirely confined to the mariners of the Mary- 
land province. In the beautiful narrative of 
Father White's labors among the Piscatoways, 
not many tidies below the site of the City of* 

6* 



6Q TERRA MARIJE. 

Washington, he gives a reason for the affection 
of a chief of that tribe for him and his col- 
leagues. 

The savage told him that he had a dream, in 
which he saw his deceased father worshiping a 
dark and hideous God ; at a little distance was a 
most ludicrous demon, accompanied by a settler 
named Snow, " an obstinate heretic from Eng- 
land;" at length Governor Calvert and Father 
White appeared, in the company of a beautiful 
God of exceeding whiteness, who with gentle- 
ness beckoned to him ; and since that vision he 
had been drawn by cords of love toward the 
black robes. 

According to their prejudices, those who 
peruse this story will call it a wonderful Provi- 
dence, an Indian superstition, a Jesuit fiction, or 
will say, " credat Judseus Appella;" but what- 
ever the conclusion, it proves that some one had 
impressed the untutored savage with the belief 
that those who were not Roman Catholics were 
heretics. 

But while religious differences existed, Leon- 
ard Calvert, as governor of the province, seemed 
to protect all in their conscientious scruples, for 
had he oppressed them, they would have crossed 
the river to Virginia, where settlers were so 
much needed, and the enemies of the colony 
would have triumphed. 

The first Protestant colonists were principally 



TRIAL OF WILLIAM LEWIS. 67 

indented white servants and poor young men 
who came to seek their fortunes. They had no 
guide of their faith furnished by the Proprietor 
for the cure of their souls, but in their chests a 
few books had been placed by anxious friends 
and parents, that had proved sources of comfort 
in hours of doubt, temptation, and loneliness. 

Thomas Cornwallis, a councillor of the prov- 
ince, had a number of white servants under the 
care of an overseer, named William Lewis. One 
day, in the year 1638, these servants were listen- 
ing to the reading of sermons written by the 
eloquent Puritan divine, known in England as 
the "silver-tongued Smith," 1 when the overseer 
in a rage said that "the book came from the 
devil, as all lies did, and that be that wrote it 
was an instrument of the devil, and that they 
should not keep nor read such books." Chris- 
topher Carroll and others of the aggrieved, com- 
plained of this abuse to the civil authorities, and 
to the credit of the Governor and Council, Lewis 
was found guilty of an offensive and indiscreet 
speech, and fined five hundred pounds of tobacco. 

Late in the month of November, of the year 
1637, John Lewger, the most remarkable man of 
any that had hitherto arrived, appeared at Saint 
Mary. There came with him Ann, his wife, his 
son John, nine years of age, three male and three 



1 Wood's A-tbenae Oxonienses. 



68 TERRA MAR /./•:. 

female servants, and a boy, Robert, twelve years 
old. 

On the previous fifteenth of April, he had 
been commissioned in London as secretary of 
the province, and collector and receiver of all his 
Lordship's rents and revenues. Subsequently 
he was privy councillor, attorney-general, and 
judge of all causes testamentary and matrimo- 
nial. 

He had been a college friend of Cecil Balti- 
more al Oxford, 1 a commoner of Trinity College 
in L616, and received the degree of Master of 
Aris in L622, and was made Bachelor oi' Divinity 
al the same linn' as Phil. Nye, afterward prom- 
inent in (In 1 Westminster Assembly of theolo- 
gians. 

In L632 he was a minister of the Church of 
England, in Essex, but under the influence of 
the acute disputanl Will. Chillingworth, he be- 
came a Roman Catholic, and by a singular coin- 
cidence the proselyter, who was a god-son of 
nisliop Laud, very soon returned i^) the Church 
of England, and became the author of the oft- 
quoted sentence: "The Bible, and that only is 
the religion of Protestants, ami every one, by 
making use of the helps and assistances thai 
God had placed in his hands, musl learn and 
understand it for himself as well as he can." 

1 Wood's A i ben re ( Izonienc e 



SECRETARY JOHN LEWGER. 69 

Lewger was chagrined when he Learned that 
Chillingworth had reverted, but the latter an- 
swered his wrath in a kind letter, entitled 
"Reasons against Popery, in a Letter from Mr. 
Win. Chillingworth to his friend Mr. Lewger, 
persuading him to return to liis mother, the 
Church of England, from the corrupt Church of 
Rome." 

The Letter somewhat appeased Lewger, and 
he had a conference with his old friend, in the 
presence of Bishops Skinner and Sheldon. 

Deprived <>f' his benefice, a married man, with 
no means of support, Cecil Baltimore made him 
Secretary of Maryland, and sent him to assist 
his brother Leonard. In the provincial assem- 
blies he was influential, and in that of Hi-*'.) he 
voted i welve proxies. 

In this connection it is appropriate to allude 
to the name of Thomas Copley, Esq., which ap- 
pears in the earliest records of the province. 

lie entered lands for Fathers White and Al- 
lium), and thirty others, in L635, one of whom 
was " Francisco, a mulatto," brought in by Father 
White, and the first slave in the colony of which 
there is any notice. Copley appears to have 
been the land agent for the Jesuit fathers, as an- 
other record says: "Thomas Copley, Esq., de- 
mandeth four thousand acres of land, due by 
conditions of plantation, for transporting into 
this province himself and twenty able men, at 



70 TERRA MARIJE. 

his own charge, to plant and inhabit in the year 
1637." 

On the thirteenth of May, 1638, there was also 
entered "for Mr. Thomas Copley, one hundred 
weight of heaver, traded for with the Indians." 1 

As late as 1650, members of the Roman Catho- 
lic Church bequeathed slight testimonials to the 
Rev. Thomas Copley, and in some missionary let- 
ters he is called Father Copley. This gentleman 
may have been the Father Copley 2 who, Avhen 
domestic chaplain of Lord Montague, fell in love 
with the nursery-maid, and forgetting his vows, 
was married, and of course, as long as his wife 
lived, conld only serve in secular affairs. 

On the fifth of July, 1640, Father White, in the 
presence of his colleague, Altham, alias Gravener, 
Governor Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and others, 
baptized a Piscataway chief, with his wife and 
daughter. The chief was christened Charles, 
the wife Mary, and the child Anna, as compli- 
mentary to the royal family of Engand. 

On the afternoon of the same day the chief 
was married according to the rites of the Church 
of Rome, and a cross was planted commemora- 
tive of the event, the priests chanting the litany; 
while Calvert, Lewger, and others followed in 
solemn procession. 

1 Bozmau. 

2 Letter of John Chamberlain to Sir Dudley Carleton, ia 
"Court and Times of .Tamos the First." 



JOURNAL OF JESUIT MISSION. 71 

Tanner, in his "Gesta Proeclara," published 
nigh two centuries ago, across the seas, in the 
far distant City of Prague, gives a rude engrav- 
ing of the baptismal scene ; ! but this and the 
marriage ceremony remain yet to be colored on 
canvas or embalmed in poetry by some Ameri- 
can Weir or Longfellow. 

The journal of the early Jesuit mission in Mary- 
land abounds in religious sentiment. Shortly 
after the marriage of the chief, Father Altham 
died on Kent Island, and White, writing to Eu- 
rope, said : " Those who are sent need not fear 
lest the means of support be wanting, for He who 
clothes the lilies and feeds the birds of the air, will 
not suffer those who are laboring to extend his 
kingdom, to be destitute of necessary sustenance." 

Brock, whose real name was Morgan, and who 
died July the fifth, 1641, wrote: " For my part, I 
would rather, laboring in the conversion of the 
Indians, expire on the bare ground, deprived of 
all human succor, and perishing from hunger, 
than ever think of abandoning the holy work of 
God for fear of want." 

They were trained to be soldiers of the cross ; 
they enjoyed the canoe voyage, camping in the 
open air, and their scanty fare, more than the 
pampered children of luxury the choicest delica- 
cies. "With this present comfort," one said, 

1 Shea's Catli. Missions. 



72 TERRA MM: I.E. 

"God now imparts to us a foretaste of what he 
is about to give to those thai live faithfully in 
this life, and mitigating al] hardship with a de- 
gree of pleasantness, so that his Divine Majesty 
appears to be present with us in an externa] 
manner." 

In L639, the Fathers were settled in places 
widely distant : Pisherwasal StMary; Brockat 
Mattapany on the Patuxent, two miles from its 
mouth; Altham at Kent [sland, sixty miles from 
St. Mary; and White one hundred and twenty 
miles distant, perhaps a1 Clayborne's old trading 

post near (lie monlli of the Susquehanna. 

On the twelfth of December, L635, Governor 
Harvey, of Virginia, appeared before the Privy 
Council of England to answer certain questions, 
lie admitted thai one Rabnct, of Maryland, had 
been arrested in Virginia for saying thai it was 
law Inl and meriloi ions to kill a heretic king, and 
that a Rev. Mr. Williams was ready to give testi- 
mony; but he refused the testimony because he 

had married two persons without a license. 

It was charged that Governor Harvey counte- 
nanced the religion in .Maryland, and that Mr. 
Hawley, in the midst of the mass, said that he 
was conic to plant the Romish religion in Mary- 
land, This was denied J bu1 both admitted that 
there was public mass in that colony. 1 



1 Cal, State Papers, Domestic Series. 



TIHAL OF SURGEON GERARD. 



78 



On the twenty-second of March, L642, a peti- 
tion was presented to the A.ssemby of Maryland 
in behalf of the Protestanl Catholics by David 
WicklifF, complaining of Surgeon Thomas <»<;- 
rard, who came into the colony in L638, and 
owner of St. Clement's manor, for taking away 
the key and books of their chapel, in settle- 
ments without ministers, it was customary in 
those days to fasten to a desk in a chape] the 
Bible, and a few valuable religious books, which 
i he devoul could open and read. 

Doctor Gerard was brought to trial, and, after 
patient hearing, it was adjudged that he should 
bring back the key ami Uooks, and pay a, line of 
five hundred pounds of tobacco toward the main- 
tenance of the first Protestant minister that 
should arrive. The term Protestanl Catholic 
was not unusual in that age. The Jesuit father, 
Fitz-Herbert, when arraigned in the colony for 
an alleged offense, argued thai in the province 
every church "professing to believe in God the 
Father, Son, and Holy Ghost, was accounted 
Eloly Church," 1 and therefore the inhabitants 
distinguished themselves as Protestant Catholics 
and Roman Catholics. William Penn once 
wrote,"] ;ini a Catholic, but not a Roman Cath- 
olic." 

On the firsl of September in this year, Gaptain 



1 Davis in "Oay star of Freedom." 



7 



7 1 TERRA )/. I /;/./■;. 

James NTeale, 1 an experienced mariner, who had 
lived in Spain, now settled on a large estate uear 
the mouth of the Wicomico River, qo1 far Prom 
St. Mary, and :i prominent citizen, arrived at 
Boston with two pinnaces, commissioned by Gov- 
ernor Calverl to buy mares and sheep ; but hav- 
ing bills of exchange on Lord Baltimore, in Eng- 
land, which could nol be uegotiated, owing to 
the civil war then raging, he was unsuccessful. 
While there, one of bis pinnaces was discovered 
to be so worm-eaten that il was accessary to 
abandon itnear the coast, where the May Flower 
had first landed her passengers, and perhaps the 
little ship was the ut Dove" that had been to Bos- 
ton once, and eighl years before brought the first 
settlers to St. Mary. 

A few weeks later, another coasting vessel from 
Virginia arrived at Boston with a Mr. Bennett, 
bearing a letter written at ESTansemond or Upper 
Norfolk, on May the twenty-fourth, and signed 
l-\ Richard Bennett, Daniel Gooking, John Hill, 
and seventy-one others, earnestly asking for 
faithful ministers. American Congregational- 



1 One of the Councillors of Maryland, and the ancestor of 
Archbishop Neale, the suooessor of Carrol] 

In 1666, lie petitions the Assembly fur the naturalization of 
his four ohildren, •■ Henrietta, Maria, James, Dorothy, ami An- 
thony Neale, born in Spain, of Ann his wife, during his resi- 
dence there as b merchant, and when employed there by the 
King mid Duke of York in several emergent affairs " Bacon* i 
Law* <>t' Maryland, 



VIRGINIA CONQREGATIONALISTS. 76 

ism found its earliesl though brief home in 
Virginia. 

In the very first ships that came to the mouth 
of the James River, were Puritan families, and 
they wrote back inviting their friends to follow; 
but Bishop Bancroft "being informed that great 
numbers were preparing to embark, obtained a 
proclamation prohibiting them to transport them- 
selves to Virginia without a special License from 

the King." 

Governor Wyatl stated, in L623, that there 
were ministers in the colony, bul nol in orders; 1 
and the nexl year there came to Virginia the 
learned and devout Puritan divine Eenry Jacob, 
the firsl Congregational minister in England. 
He was born in Kent, educated at St. Mary's 
Hall, where he took the degree of A. VI., entered 
into boly orders, and became precentor of < Ihrist 
Church College, and afterward preached al 
( Iheriton. 2 



1 Cal. Slate. Papers, Col. Scries. 

a Wood says he entered college al fifteen, and *ras "excel- 
lently well read." Ee published sereral works, the titles of 
which were : 

Treatise on the Sufferings and Victory of Christ in the work 
O f our Redemption, written against certain errors in theseparts, 
publicly preached in London. London, L698, 4to. 

Treatise to show that the Church of England was a true 
Church. 1699. 

Defence of the Treatise on Redemption, etc. 1600. 

Reasons for reforming our Churches. L604 



76 TEEN A MARINE. 

In 15 OD he wrote a treatise to show that the 
Church of England was a true church, but visit- 
ing Leyden, he became acquainted with Robin- 
son, and adopted the views of the Congrega- 
tionalists, and returning, established the first 
Independent Church in England, and continued 
its pastor till, desirous of being more useful, he 
left his flock and departed for the wilderness of 
Virginia, where he soon died. 

Daniel Gookins, 1 one of the best and bravest 

A Position against vain-glorious and tliat which is falsely 
called learned preaching. 1604. 

Plain and clear Exposition of Second Commandment. 1G10. 

His son Henry became a critical scholar, and assisted the 
learned Selden in his Hebrew studies. 

1 Daniel Gookins was one of the best men of his day, promi- 
nently identified with Virginia, Maryland, and Massachusetts. 

He was a native of Kent, England, but came with his father, 
whose name was also Daniel, from Ireland to Virginia. The 
father arrived on the 22d of November, 1621, "with fifty men 
of his own, and thirty passengers, exceedingly well furnished 
with all sorts of provisions and cattle," and settled at Newport 
News. 

When the Indians attacked the colonists, the old records say 
that he did not comply with the order, to retreat to a central 
blockhouse. "Master Gookins, having thirty-five of all sorts 
with him, made good his point against the savages." 

Gov. Wyatt, on April 7th, 1623, writes to John Ferrar: "A 
ship has lately arrived, with forty men and thirty passengers, 
for Mr. Gookins." 

There is an indenture on record, dated Feb. 1st, 1630, be- 
tween Daniel Gookins, Gent., and Thus. Addison, his Bervant. 
In 1637 he obtained a grant of 2500 acres upon the northwest 
of Nansemond River. In 1042 he was President of the Court 



MAJ.-GEN. DANIEL GOOKINS. 77 

men the New "World had received, was then the 
owner of a plantation at Newport News, and at 

of Upper Norfolk, and was then thirty years of age, and about 
that time made the acquaintance of Tompson. He owned a 
plantation near South River, Maryland, although after 1644 he 
became a resident of Massachusetts, yet keeping up business 
relations with the settlers on the Chesapeake. In 1655 two In- 
dians murdered two of his negro servants, near South River. 
Says Davis: "Mary, the servant who had escaped, notwith- 
standing the severity of her wound, was the chief witness. 
But Warcosse, the Emperor, had sent down to St. Mary's some 
articles found in possession of the suspected Indians, and 
which it was known had belonged to Captain Gookins. And 
the Indians, who spoke through interpreters, confessed at the 
trial they were present at the murder — at one moment admit- 
ting, at the next denying, their guilt, 'fearful and desiring,' 
says the record, 'to conceal it.' They were convicted, sen- 
tenced, and executed on the same day." Gookins was a warm 
friend of John Eliot, the apostle to the New England Indians, 
and wrote a history of these Indians, and also of New Eng- 
land. Chief Justice Sewall called to see him when dying, and 
in his journal of that day records the fact of visiting, and ex- 
pressively adds, "aright good man." His tombstone is still 
seen at Cambridge, Mass., with this inscription: 

Here Lyetii Interred 

ye body of 

MAJOR-GENERAL DANIEL GOOKINS, 

aged 75 yeares, 

who departed this life 

Ye 19th March, 1686-7. 

Gov. Gookins, of Pennsylvania, was a cousin, described by 
Wm. Penn in these words: "He is sober, understands to com- 
mand and obey, moderate in his temper, and of what they call 
a good family: his grandfather, Sir Vincent Gookins, having 

7* 



78 TERRA MARIJE. 

N"ansemond, on Hi*' opposite bank of the James. 
The petition of the Virginia Congregationalists 
was read at a public lecture, and the ministers 
of Boston and vicinity set apart a day for its con- 
sideration, after which they selected three of 
their besl men to respond to the call of Gookins 
and others for ministers. After some changes 
and delays, John Knowles, a ripe scholar from 
[mmanuel College, and who had been pastor at 
Watertow n ; Thomas James, i\)\- ten years a faith- 
ful preacher at ( lharlestown ; and William Tomp- 
son, 1 educated at Oxford (Jniversity, started forth 
on the errand oi* love. After being wrecked at 
Hell Gate, in Long Island Sound, and exposed 
to the storms of winter, they reached Virginia 
in eleven weeks from the time of their depart- 
ure. Men of the greatesl personal dignity, and 
bearing letters from the Governor of Massachu- 
setts, they were coldly received by Berkeley, the 
Governor <>f Virginia, and his chaplain, the Rev. 
Thomas Harrison. Unacknowledged by the au- 
thorities, i hey were greeted by well-disposed per- 
sons. Winthrop says: ;t Though the State did 



been an early great planter in Ireland, in King James the Firsi 
and Charles's days." 

The entire Letter of Penn maybe found in Proud's Hist, of 
Pa., vol. ii. pp. 1 and 5. 

1 William Tompson, as the name was usually written, was 
born in Lancashire, Eng., in L598, and graduated at Oxford in 
L619. Before emigrating to America, he preached at Win- 
nnk. He died Dec. 10th, 1666, 



MASSACHUSETTS MISSIONARIES, 7!> 

silence bhe ministers, because they would not 
conform bo bhe order of England, ye1 bhe people 
resorted bo bhera in private bouses bo bear bhem 

as before." 

Ai'ter five or six months, Knowles and James 
S(M . m to bave returned bo Massachusetts Colony, 
while Tompson, accompanied by Gookins and 
others, emigrated bo Maryland, in bhe neighbor 
hood of South and Severn Rivers, near the site of 
Annapolis. They were nol looked upon as in- 
truders, bu1 welcomed as mosl desirable, and 
more of the same sorl invited. Governor Win 
throp, in his journal, under date of eighth month, 
thirteenth day, L648, 0. 8., wrote : "The Lord 
Baltimore being bhe owner of much land near 
Virginia, being himself a Papist, and bis brother, 
Mr. ( lalvert, bhe < l-overnor bhere, a Papisl also, 
I,,, i ||| ( . colony con i ting of both Papists and 
Protestants, he wrote a letter to < Japtain Gib 
bons of Boston, and senl bira a commission, 
therein be made a tender of land in Maryland 
to any of ours that would transporl themselves 
thither, with free liberty of religion, and all other 
privileges which bhe place affords. 

The [ndians of Virginia, like bhe Sioux of 
Minnesota during our late troubles, learning bhat 
bhe whites in England were engaged in warwith 
each oilier, on A pi il the eighteenl b, L6 1 t, a black 
Good Friday in bhe colonial calendar, suddenly 
swarmed around the feeble settlements in the 



80 TERRA MARIJE. 

valley of the James River, and as quickly disap- 
peared, with their hands full of reeking scalps. 
Strong men fainted with horror; women moaned 
and refused to he comforted, for their children 
were not; the rich and the poor, the high and 
the low, overwhelmed hy the common calamity, 
felt that it was a judgment of God for their sin- 
fulness. 1 

Anion & those who were changed men was 
Thomas Harrison, the Governor's chaplain. He 
had heen a "bigot before, and though he kept a 
fair exterior to the godly men from Massachu- 
setts, he now confessed that he had privately 
used his influence to have them silenced. But 
after the massacre, stung with remorse, he 
preached faithfully, which Berkeley thought was 
Puritanical, and he dismissed him, because he 
did not need so grave a chaplain. 

Not cast down, he sought out the scattered 
flock of Nansemond, that remained after Tomp- 
son and others had left, and ministered unto 
their wants. 



1 The following law forcibly exhibits the feeling of the colony 
at this time: 

"Enacted by the Governor, Council, and Burgesses of this 
Grand Assembly, for the public benefit of the colony, to the 
end that God mayeth avert his heavy judgments that are upon 
us, that the last Wednesday in every month be set apart for 
fasting and humiliation, and that it be wholly dedicated to 
prayers and preaching.'' 



REV. WILLIAM TOMPSON. 81 

On the ninth of June, 1647, Leonard Calvert, 
the first Governor of the Maryland Colony, died, 
and Mistress Margaret Brent, an unmarried per- 
son, was left his administratrix. With truly 
Elizabethan vigor, she discharged her trust, and 
demanded a vote in the Provincial Assembly, 
which being denied, she protested against their 
acts. John Lewger, the first Secretary of the 
province, having buried his wife, soon returned 
to England, became a Roman Catholic priest, 
and lived in Lord Baltimore's bouse. 

The Rev. William Tompson, described as one 
of "tall and comely presence," lost bis wile a 
few months after be left Massachusetts, but he 
labored on in the colony until the latter pari of 
1 <J4S, winning golden opinions by his quiet, con- 
servative, and Christian course. Mather, in a 
commemorative poem, says: 

"Hearers, like doves, flocked with contentious wing 
Who should be first, feed most, ino.-t homeward bring 
Laden with honey, like llyblocan bees, 
They knead it into combs, upon their knees. 

* * * -x- * * * 

A constellation of great converts there 
Shone round him, and bis heavenly glory wear, 
Gookins was one of them, by Tompson's pains, 
Christ and New England, a dear Gookins gains." 

Some one visiting England about the (dose of 
the year 1(547, perhaps John Lewger, tried to 
poison the inindofLord Baltimore against Tomp- 



82 TERRA MARIJE. 

son. The Provincial Assembly of the next year 
thus earnestly resents the whisperings of the 
slanderer: " Whereas your Lordship doth seem 
to be greatly distasted and disgusted at William 
Tompson, your Lordship's old servant, through 
some information which has been given your 
Lordship of his comportment here, in aiding 
and siding with the rebels against your Lord- 
ship's governor and government, which informa- 
tion we do assure your Lordship to be a most 
false proceeding, rather, as we may suppose, out 
of hatred and spleen toward him, than any good 
affection or love toward your Lordship, for be- 
fore anything was proceeded on in the Assembly 
William Tompson was called and strictly ex- 
amined before the Governor, and Council, and 
whole Assembly, and nothing at all could be 
proved against him, wherewith he was accused 
to your Lordship, that was in that point most 
innocent; and further report of him, that your 
honor hath not a more faithful and cordial friend in 
the whole province, and shown to the utmost of 
his ability even before, in time of, and ever since 
the troubles here, than William Tompson is. 
Therefore we humbly crave of your honor, ac- 
cording to your honor's wonted clemency, not to 
harbor such thoughts, and give ear to such false 
suggestions against him ; and further, my Lord 
seeing it hath been so notorious an injury and 
infamy to him, we humbly crave that your Lord- 



STONE, PROTESTANT GOVERNOR. 83 

ship will intimate hither the next year who were 
his principal accusers on this point, which we 
the more earnestly beg, for that it will give the 
whole country and himself great satisfaction." 

Tompson was a delicate and sensitive man, 
and though he could not but have been flat- 
tered, by the testimony of the colonial assem- 
bly, he soon left, and returned to preach and 
to die amid his old parishioners in Braintree, 
near Boston. 

About this time, while the General Court was 
in session, the Rev. Mr. Harrison, of Virginia, 
visited Boston, in company with Durand, one of 
his elders, and stated that his church numbered 
one hundred and eighteen communicants, and 
that several of the council and nearly a thousand 
persons sympathized with their mode of worship, 
but owing to the Governor's hostility they would 
be obliged to seek a new home; Lord Baltimore 
had appointed at this time William Stone, a 
Protestant, formerly sheriff of Northampton 
County, Virginia, governor of his colony, and 
the members of Harrison's church were invited 
to settle near Annapolis. Harrison did not re- 
main with them long, but returned to England, 
and reported the arbitrary conduct of Govenor 
Berkeley. On October the eleventh, 1649, the 
Council of State wrote to the Governor that they 
had been informed, by petition of the congrega- 
tion of Nansemond, in Virginia, that their min- 



84 TERRA MARIjE. 

ister, Mr. Harrison, an able man, of unblamable 
conversation, had been banished the colony be- 
cause he would not conform to the use of the 
Common Prayer Book. "As the Governor can- 
not be ignorant that the use of it is prohibited 
by Parliament, he is directed to permit Mr. Har- 
rison to return to his ministry, unless there is 
sufficient cause approved by Parliament." 

Although, at first Cecil Baltimore adhered to 
King Charles, yet as the Parliament forces, under 
an old Yorkshire friend, Sir Thomas Fairfax, 
began to conquer, he veered to the side of the 
people, and to obviate any objections that might 
be offered not only appointed William Stone, a 
Protestant, governor of the colony, but also sent 
out to the Assembly a carefully prepared law to 
be passed, styled "An Act concerning Religion,'' 
embodying the distinctive features of recent 
Puritan legislation concerning the Sabbath, a 
wide contrast to the permission for dancing, 
vaulting, and archery, and other sports which 
had been allowed on Sunday, by King Charles. 

It provided " That every person or persons 
within this province that shall at any time here- 
after profane the Sabbath, or Lord's day, called 
Sunday, by frequent swearing, drunkenness, or 
by any uncivil or disorderly recreation, or by 
working on that day when absolute necessity 
doth not require," shall be fined. But in case 
the offenders should not have the ability to pay 



ACT CONCERNING RELIGION. 85 

the fine imposed, it was provided that the per- 
sons should he imprisoned till they were ready 
to make open confession, and for the third 
offense they were to be publicly whipped. 

It further declared, that any one that should 
deny the Holy Trinity should be punished with 
death and confiscation of goods. 

It also prohibited the use of any reproachful 
words concerning "the blessed Virgin Mary, the 
mother of our Saviour, or the holy Apostles or 
Evangelists, and the calling of any one in a re- 
proachful way heretic, schismatic, idolater, Puri- 
tan, Presbyterian, Independent, Popish Priest, 
Jesuit, Jesuited Papist, Lutheran, Anabaptist, 
Brownist, Antinomian, Barrowist, Roundhead, 
and Separatist, or any other name." 

The Assembly of 1649, to which Lord Balti- 
more's law was submitted, consisted of the Gov- 
ernor, a Protestant, six councillors, and nine bur- 
gesses; and those who have carefully examined 
the early records feel confident that five of the 
burgesses were Roman Catholics, and three of 
the councillors. 1 

The law remitted to them was much more 
minute than any that had been before presented, 
and the oath of fidelity to the Proprietor was a 
recent requirement, and while they could not 
well do otherwise than pass the act that was sub- 

1 Davis. 



86 TERRA MARIM. 

mitted, they took occasion to write to the Pro- 
prietary these words : 

"We do further humbly request your Lord- 
ship that hereafter such things as your Lordship 
may desire of us, may be done with as little 
swearing as conveniently may be, experience 
teaching us that a great occasion is given to much 
perjury when swearing becometh common. For- 
feitures, perhaps, will be more efficacious to keep 
men honest, than swearing. Oaths little prevail 
upon men of little conscience. And, lastly, we 
do humbly request your Lordship hereafter to 
send us no more such bodies of laws, which serve 
to little other end than to fill our heads with sus- 
picions, jealousies, and dislikes of that which 
verily we understand not; rather we shall desire 
your Lordship to send some short heads of what 
is desired, and then we do assure your Lordship 
of a most forward willingness in us to give your 
Governor all just satisfaction that can be thought 
reasonable." 

Edward Gibbons, once a gay young man, then 
a person of weight around Boston, and their chief 
military officer, had for years traded with the 
Maryland Colon}', and while in England became 
acquainted with Lord Baltimore. It was there- 
fore wise policy, now that Charles was beheaded, 
and the battles of Naseby and Marston Moor had 
proved that there was truth, as well as sarcasm, 
in the son^ of the Cavalier, 



GIBBONS APPOINTED ADMIRAL. 87 

'• Although they snuffled psalms, to give 
These rebel dogs their due, 
"When the roaring shot poured thick and hot, 
They were stalwart men and true," 

to conciliate Parliament and its friends in his 
colony, and he tendered to Gibbons, in 1650, a 
commission as Admiral of the province and 
councillor. While the records show that Gib- 
bona owned a windmill at Saint Mary, he does 
not appear to have become a permanent resident 
of the colony. 

The Assembly of 1650, it is admitted by all, 
had a Protestant majority, 1 and they created an 
upper and lower house, to meet apart, the Gov- 
ernor and council constituting the upper, a form 
of government which remained unchanged until 
the American revolution. They also struck out 
from the oath of fidelity, prescribed by Lord 
Baltimore, the expressions of "absolute Lord" 

1 Members of Assembly, 1650: 

Saint Mary's County. 
St. George Hundred — John Hatch, P.; Walter Beane, P. 
Newtown Hundred — John Medley; Wm. Brough, P.; Robert 
Robins, P. 

St. Clements Hundred — Francis Posey, P. 

St. Mary's Hundred— Philip Land ; Francis Brooks. 

St. Inigos Hundred — Culhbert Fenwick. 

St. Michael's Hundred — Thos. Sterman, P.; George Manners. 

Providence or Ann Arundel County. 
James Cox, P.; George Puddington, P. 
Those marked P were Protestants. 



88 TERRA MARI2E. 

and "royal jurisdiction," and inserted that they 
would defend all his lordship's rights "not any 
wise understood to infringe or prejudice liberty 
of conscience and religion." The settlements of 
Providence were also this year organized into a 
county, named after the recently deceased wife 
of the Proprietary, Ann Arundel. 1 

Charles the Second, an exile at Breda, hearing 
of Baltimore's turning to the Parliament, com- 
missioned Sir William Davenant, the god-son of 
Shakspeare, as Governor of Maryland, "alleging 
therein the reason to he because Lord Baltimore 
did visibly adhere to the rebels in England, and 
admitted all kinds of sectaries and schismatics 
and ill-affected persons into that plantation." 

With the aid of Queen Henrietta Maria, Dave- 
nant collected a company of French mechanics 
and weavers, and sailed from a port in Normandy 
for America; but on the sea he was captured by 
a Parliament ship, brought to England, and 
lodged in the Tower, where he finished his poem 
of Gondibert, and was at length released from 



1 Ann Arundel, the wife of Cecil, Lord Baltimore, and daugh- 
ter of Thomas Arundel, Baron of Wardour, died on the 23d of 
July, 1049, in the 34th year of her age. The following is one 
of the inscriptions on her tomb at Tisbury : 

"Anna Arundelia, pulcherrima et optima conjux Cecilii Cal- 
verti Baronis de Balteraore, et absolu: doraini Terrse Mariae, et 
Avalonioe, Filiaq: Charissima Thomas Arundelne, Primi Baronis 
de Warder et sac llomp. Imp. Comitis." 



JOHN LEWGER. m 

" durance vile " by the intercession of the great 
Puritan poet, John Milton. 

In concluding this article on the formative 
period of the colony, it will not be inappropriate 
to glance at the subsequent career of those who 
had been the pioneer religious teachers among 
the early settlers of Maryland. Father Andrew 
White returned to England and died on Decem- 
ber the twenty-seventh, lGr)G. 

John Lewger having become a Roman Cath- 
olic priest, 1 and inmate of Lord Baltimore's house, 
plunged into the theological controversies of the 
hour, and in L659 published a work entitled 
"Erastus Junior, a solid demonstration by prin- 
ciples, forms of ordination, common laws, acts 
of Parliament, that no Bishop nor Presbyter 
hath any authority to preach from Christ, but 
from Parliament." This, three years later, was 
followed by "Erastus Senior, scholastically dem- 
onstrating the conclusion that admitted Lambeth 
Records to be true, those called Bishops here in 



1 Benjamin Denham, Chaplain of Earl of Winchester, on Jan. 
27, 1GG7, writes from Pera, near Constantinople: 

"Surprised at the appointment of Marquis of Dorchester. 
All that is treated of in the Privy Council about Roman Catho- 
lics is discovered to Lord Brudenell and Lord Baltimore, Gover- 
nor of Maryland, whose Chaplain, an English recusant, now a 
Romish priest, was one of the vicegerents there, in Charles the 
First's time." — Cal. State Papers, Dom. Series. 

8* 



DO TERRA .)/. I /.'/./<:. 

England, are do Bishops either in order or juris- 
diction, ov so much as legal." 

W lion the plague raged in London, lio exposed 
himself in visiting poor sick Roman Catholics, 
and died of that disease in 1665 at St. Giles-in- 
the-Fields. 

The scholarly Knowlos, on visiting his native 
land, found many of bis schoolmates in promi- 
nent places, and his ability as a preacher, for a 
period, gave him Bristol Cathedra] as a field of 
labor, but on the restoration of Charles the 

Second, he refused to conform, and was silenced. 

A.fter leaving Bristol, he preached for sixteen 

years at IVrshoro, in Worcester, and on April 

the ninth, 1665, his house was searched, goods 

seized, and himself imprisoned ['ov sedition, be- 
cause he had collected money for suffering 1\>- 
landers, which in his petition for release, he 
quaintly says "he did not know was unlawful, 
but thought them an object of pity." On his 
release, he devoted himself to those suffering 
from the plague in London, and at the ripe age 
of fourscore and five seal's, on April the tenth, 
L685, was gathered to his fathers. 
Lord Baltimore, in L651, in a letter to the 

Assembly o{' Maryland, alludes with respect to 

Dr. Thomas Harrison, who appears then to have 

been in London, and was for some time the min- 
ister o\' St. Dunstan's East. 



DR. THOMAS HARRISON. 91 

When the uprighl Earry Cromwell, respected 
by foes, and loved by friends, became Viceroy of 
[ re land, be accompanied him as Chaplain, and 
was very useful as a preacher in Dublin. Sev- 
eral of bis letters arc printed in the Thurloe 

State Papers, and be published a work called 
"Topica Sacra," and in L659 a sermon called 

"Threni Bibernici, or Ireland sympathizing with 
England and Scotland in a sad lamentation for 
i be loss of her Josiah." 

As he advanced in years, like Richard Baxter, 
he suffered from persecution, and in the Calen- 
dar ol* Stale Papers for L665, there is a reporl 
dated Chester, duly the third, of which the fol- 
lowing is the substance: kl A conventicle of one 
hundred persons was appointed at the house of 
\)r. Thomas Harrison, late Chaplain of Harry 
Cromwell; broke open the house, found some 
under the l»eds, others in the closets, and thirty 
were taken before the Mayor." 

Refined, a llnenl speaker, an earnest Chris- 
tian, lie was greatly admired, and Hie Earl of 
Thomond used to say lt lie had rather hear Dr. 
Harrison say grace over an egg, than hear Hie 
Bishops pray or preach." 

I,, one of the Camden Society Publications' 



1 Smith's Obituaries. 



92 



TERRA MART.E. 



is the last notice we have of Sir William Berke- 
ley's chaplain : 

" 1665, Oct. 13. Dr. Thomas Harrison, preacher 
at St. Christopher's, and before at St. Bartholo- 
mew's, died ex peste. Was buried on the four- 
teenth." 






CHAPTER THIRD. 

DIFFICULTIES WITH VIRGINIANS, AND FROM 
CIVIL WAR IN ENGLAND. 

AMUKL MATTHEWS and William 
Clayborne were two of the Virginia 
Councillors who, in October, 1629, re- 
fused to allow Lord G-eorge Baltimore to settle 
in the colony, unless lie complied with the law 
of England, and took the oath of allegiance and 
supremacy. Partly on this account their sub- 
sequent relations with his son and successor, 
Cecil Baltimore, were not very pleasant. 

Matthews owned the best estate in the colony, 
on the River James, jus! above Newport News, 
and was thrifty and intelligent. 1 His wife was 
the daughter of Sir Thomas Hinton. His plan- 
tation was a miniature village; the flax and 
hemp were there made into fabrics; the cattle 
cot only furnished beef for the ships hound for 
England, but the hides were tanned, and the 
leather made into shoes. The dairy was large, 



J The early manuscript records of the Virginia Company, 
show that he received a patent as early as 1622. 

( 93 ) 



•»! TERR i MARIA 

and live itoek of all kinds abundant. At his 
own cost, moreover, he began the erection of a 
foi i ;ii Point Comfort, 

Loyal to the King, he esteemed it a part of his 
religion, before the days of the Commonwealth, 
to denounce Papisl and Puritans. 1 ll»- was it 
type of the early planter; "lived bravely, kept 

ood bou e and was a true lover of Virginia." 
Clayborne was also a representative man. lie 
came to (he colony In L621, as Surveyor; soon 
became a < louncillor; was for manj years Secre- 
tary of State, and explored the Chesapeake; 
e tablished a trading |»»»st at Palmer's Isle, at the 
mouth of tin- Susquehanna, and made a settle- 
ment at Ki-ni hhm.l, at least three years before 
Hi.- patenl for Maryland was issued. He visited 
England shortly after George Baltimore's re- 
turn, and on the sixteenth of May, 1631, was, 
niili bis associates, licensed to trade in those 
parts for which a, patent had not already l»een 

mted. As soon as it was known that Lord 
Baltimore had comprehended the land already 
occupied within ins patent, William Cloberry, 
John de la Barre, and David Moonhead, of Lon- 
don i-.ii tners of Clayborne, remonstrated, on the 
ground thai fchej had already purchased the Isle 
oi Kent, and began a settlement. 
The planters of Virginia, when the) 7 heard of 



' Hammond, in ■• Leah and Etaohel." 



actios OF THE PRIVY COUNCIL. 95 

the grant by the King- to Baltimore, appealed to 
the Privy Council, and urged that he might be 
asked to settle in some other place. On the 
twenty-eighth of June, L633, both sides were 
heard; and on the third of July, an order was 
issued from the Star Chamber, which was an 
evasion rather than a final decision, as it " left 
Lord Baltimore to his patent, and the other pi 
ties to the course of law according to their de 
Bires." The announcement of the action of the 
Privy Council of England in Virginia ■ ited 
not only surprise, but a feeling of insecurity; 
and before Leonard Calvert and the Maryland 
colonists arrived, the Governor and Council oi 
Virginia informed the home government " that, 
in consequence of a grant to Lord Baltimore, 
the inhabitants are importunate for a confirma- 
tion of their lands and privileges by the King." 

After Leonard Calvert landed at Jamestown, 
and before the town of Saint Mary was pur- 
chased from the Indians, William Cla\ ap- 
peared at a meeting of the Virginia Council, and 
stated that Governor Calveri had told him that 
he was no longer a member of the Virginia Col- 
ony, but belonged to his plantation, and < 
their advice as to the proper course- lor him to 
pursue. 

"It was answered by the Board, that; they 
wondered why such question was made; that 
they knew no reason why they should render up 



06 TERRA MA RLE. 

the right of the Isle of Kent, more than any 
other formerly given to this colony by his 
Majesty's patent; and that the right of my 
Lord's grant being yet undetermined in Eng- 
land, we are bound in duty and by our oaths to 
maintain the rights and privileges of the colony." 

The Privy Council of England, on the twenty- 
second of July, 1634, also said that " it is not 
intended that interests which men have settled 
when vou were a corporation should be im- 
peached." 

While the Councillors of Virginia sympa- 
thized with Clayborne, Sir John Harvey, ap- 
pointed Governor by King Charles, was ready 
by every means in his power to sustain Cecil 
Baltimore and Governor Calvert; Windebank, 
Secretary of the Privy Council in England, was 
also a strong friend to Baltimore, being a Roman 
Catholic in his sympathies. 

The complete understanding between these 
parties is proved by their correspondence. Cecil 
Baltimore, while at Warder Castle, 1 on Septem- 
ber the fifteenth, sent his brother-in-law, William 
Peasley, to beg Windebank to procure a letter 
from the King to Sir John Harvey, thanking 
him for the assistance he had given to the Mary- 
land plantation, against " Clayborne's malicious 
behavior." If such letter was not sent by the 



1 Warder Castle, the seat of Earl Arundel, his wife's father. 



CECIL BALTIMORE AND GOV. HARVEY. 97 

ship now ready to sail, lie feared his plantation 
might be overthrown. 

Windebank, not waiting for the King's letter, 
three days after this request, wrote a flattering 
letter to Harvey ; and on the twenty-ninth it was 
followed by a note from the King. He stated 
that he had given the grant to Lord Baltimore, 
" there being land enough for the entertainment 
of many thousands, and the work more easily 
overcome by multitudes of hands and assist- 
ance," and he thanks Governor Harvey for his 
ready assistance to the plantation begun in 
Maryland, and requires him to continue the 
same. 

But the sturdy freemen of Virginia could not 
be made to believe that the usurpation was law- 
ful, although sanctioned by an arbitrary King. 
The people of Kent Isle had been represented by 
delegates in their Assembly, 1 and they did not 
wish these relations sundered. While Governor 
Harvey was elated by the notice of the King, 
through Baltimore's instigation, he was also hu- 
miliated by the little inflaence he had with the 
people of Virginia. The pliant and despotic 
tool of the Court, on December the sixteenth, 
despondingly wrote to "Windebank : 

" Is desirous to do Lord Baltimore all the ser- 
vice he is able, but his power is not great, being 

1 Ilening's Statutes, vol. i. 
9 



98 TERRA MAR1JE. 

limited by his commission to the greater number 
of voices at the Council table, where almost all 
are against him, especially when it concerns 
Maryland. Many are so averse to that planta- 
tion, that they proclaim and make it their famil- 
iar talk, that they would rather knock their cat- 
tle on the heads, than sell them to Maryland. 
He suspects the faction is nourished in England, 
and also by Capt. Sam. Matthews, who, scratch- 
ing his head and in a fury stamping, cried out: 
' a pox upon Maryland.' " 

It was unfortunate for Leonard Calvert, upon 
his arrival at Saint Mary, to be associated with 
one so indiscreet as Harvey. If prudent meas- 
ures had been at first taken, Clayborne might 
have become a valuable assistant ; but harsh 
measures were at an early period initiated. 

In the face of the order of the King, 1 dated 
October the eighth, 1634, requiring the planters 
of Kentish Island to be assisted, that they may 
enjoy the fruit of their labors, and forbidding 
Baltimore or his agents to do them violence, 
Governor Calvert acted as if the question as to 



1 The King wrote from Hampton Court, Oct. 8, 1034, to the 
Governor an/i Council of Virginia, and to all Lieutenants of 
Provinces in America: 

' ; Requires them to be assisting the planters in Kentish Island, 
that they may peaceably enjoy the fruits of their labors, and 
forbids Lord Baltimore or his agents to do them any violence." 
— State Paper Cal., Col, Series, 1574-1660. 



FIGHT AT WIGGOMOCO. 99 

the right of the Kent Islanders had been fully 
determined. As had been their custom, some 
of these Islanders went, in the spring of 1635, to 
trade with the Indians on the Pocomoke River, 
in a pinnace called the Longtail, and on the 
twenty-third of April the boat and goods were 
seized by the Marylanders. 

Clayborne, indignant at the hostile act, sent a 
boat from Virginia, in command of Ratcliffe 
Warren, to recover the goods and captured ves- 
sel. In the harbor of great Wiggomoco, War- 
ren met Captain Cornwallis of St. Mary, in the 
pinnace St. Margaret, and on the tenth of May a 
tight occurred between the rival parties. War- 
ren, with John Bellson and William Dawson, of 
the Virginia party, were killed, and Thomas 
Smith, Gent., taken prisoner, while the Mary- 
landers lost but one man, William Ashmore. 1 
The collision caused Great excitement in both 
colonies. About the time of this occurrence, the 
arbitrary conduct of Harvey led to a revolution 
in Virginia. Capt. Sam. Matthews, on the 
twenty-eighth of April, with forty musketeers, 
surrounded his house, and John Utie, placing his 

1 At a meeting of the Privy Council of England, it was stated 
that "Lord Baltimore's servants had slain three men at the en- 
trance of Hudson's River, which goes to Maryland." — State Pa- 
per Gal , Col. Series. 

Hudson River is a broad arm of the bay between the Chop- 
tauk and Taylor's Island. 



LOO 



TERRA MM! IK. 



hand upon his shoulder, Baid, "] arrest you for 
treason." Me was then iol<l to prepare for Eng- 
land, where he musl go and answer their com- 
plaints. Perfectly powerless in the face of :i 
strong | > 1 1 1 > 1 1 * * sentiment, ho submitted, and the 
colonists, with their strong republican tenden- 
cies, chose in his stead John West, brother of 
Lord Delawarr. 

On the twenty third of Mav, Clayhorne \\ :i^ 
:il Elizabeth City, and wrote to England thai all 
Ins rights had been trampled upon, and the 
King's express commands, under the protection 
<>{' which he deemed himself so safe, had been 
contemned, and he had perished l»v security, 

Matthews, writing to Sir John W"ostenholme, 
said thai Clayborne had applied two days since 
for redress againsl the oppression of the Mary- 
landers, who had slain three and hurl other in- 
habitants of the [slo of Kent, and lie did nol be- 
lieve they would have committed such outrages 
without Harvey's instigation, lie concludes 
"with an assured hope thai Sir John Harvey's 
return [in England] will be acceptable to God, 
not displeasing to his Majesty, and an assured 
happiness unto this Colony." At White Hall, 
on December the eleventh, the Privy Council 
met to inquire into the causes of Harvey's being 
in England, and the King said thai it was au 
assumption of the resjal power upon the pari of 
the colonists, and 1 1 mi Harvey should oro back to 



BALTIMORE SEEKS OFFICE. |()| 

Virginia, "though to stay but ;i day." Cecil 
Baltimore, finding the King in this temper, re- 
quested the arrest of John West, Samuel Mat- 
tnews, and o1 hers, and thai they might be brought 
to England i<> answer for their misdemeanors; 
also that the Attorney-General mighl draw out 
;i new commii jion tor Harvey, with enlarged 
powers, and that Secretary Windebank prepare 
bis instructions. 

Jerome Elawley, the associate councillor of 
Cornwallis, in Mainland, was now in England 
and preparing to go back with Harvey, having 
obtained, through Cecil Baltimore's court influ- 
ence, the position of Treasurer as well as Coun- 
cillor of the Colony of Virginia. The persistent 
Baltimore, on February the twenty-fifth, l<)->7, 
through his brother-in-law, Peasley, tells Wind'' 
l>;ink thai he considered the proposition concern- 
ing ili<^ advancement of the King's service in 
Virginia, ;m<l is well a lured of his own ability to 
perform with ample satisfaction what he under- 
takes, and proposes :i way of moving the King in 
this business, which is mosl likely to take effect. 

[f the memorial was oot on file, il would l><: 
difficult to believe thai Baltimore proposed to 
increase the annual revenue from Virginia £8000, 
on condition thai he was made Governor of that 
colony with a salary of £2000 per annum. 1 



1 State Paper Cal., Col. Series, 1674 L660, p. 260. 
9* 



102 TERRA MM! I.E. 

Although Jerome Flawleyhad been appointed 
Treasurer and Councillor of Virginia before he 
left England, 1 he appeared at Saint Mary and 
sat as a member of the second assembly in that 
province, which commenced its sessions on the 
twenty-first day o\' January, 1637-8, and at the 
close of which Thomas Smith, Gent., of the Isle 
o\' Kent, an associate oi* Warren in the I'oco- 
moke affair, was tried for piracy and felony, and 
condemned to he hung, and a hill of attainder 
passed against William Clayborne, by which his 
property was forfeited to the 4 Lord Proprietor. 

Before the Act was passed by the Maryland 
Assembly, Clayborne was in England refuting 
the charges against him, and complaining that 
Baltimore's agents, with fortv men, had gone to 
take possession oi' his trading post on Palmer's 
Isle, at the mouth of the Susquehanna. He, at 
the same time, offered to pay yearly one hundred 



1 Jerome Ilawley was in London on June 27, 1636, and wrote 
to Windebank that he would visit him on the next Sunday. In 
August, he sailed in the " Black George" with Sir John Harvey 
for Virginia, but owing to leakage the ship returned. In April, 
L637, he sailed in the Friendship. Geo. lieade, of .lamest ow u, 
writing to his brother, a secretary of Windebank's, says: " Mr. 
Ilawley h;ts not proved the man he took him for, having neither 
given any satisfaction for money received of him nor brought 
him any servants." 

lie died in the summer of 1638, leaving a childless widow, 
and his associate councillor of the Maryland Colony, Thomas 
Cornwaliis, was his administrator. 



LETTER FROM KING CHARLES. 103 

pounds sterling to the Crown for possession of 
the [sle of Kent and the Susquehanna plantation, 
with twelve leagues of land in that country. 

The King approved the proposals^ and ordered 
M( | ; ,v for a full hearing of the complaint. Cecil 
Baltimore was now alarmed, and writes to the 
King "thai he is informed that upon a repre- 
sentation lately exhibited for renewing a Vir- 
ginia Company their request was granted, al- 
though Lis Majesty said he would oo1 have the 
petitioner's interest in Maryland anyways n»- 
peached, yet it is intended to infringe upon Ins 

government." , . 

1 The unstable Charles, in every matter pi im- 
portance, always oscillating when men wished 
him to stand arm, now writes to the Commis- 
sioners for foreign Plantations not to allow any 
patenl or warrant for plantation or discovery 
near Avalon 1 and Maryland to pass the seals, 
wll - lr l, ] n anyway may infringe upon the rights 
of Lord Baltimore, and engages his royal word 
never to permit any quo warranto or other pro- 



i About, the time of these promises Avalon was granted to 
other partie8 . sir David Kirk writes from Ferryland, Oct. 2, 
l63 g to Archbishop Laud: "Out of one hundred persons they 
took over, only one died of sickness. The air of Newfound- 
land agrees perfectly well with all God's creatures, except Jes- 
uits and schismatics. Agreat mortality amongst theformer tribe 
so affrighted ...y Lord of Baltimore, that he utterly deserted the 
country." 



KM TERRJ MAR1JE. 

ceedings for infringing or overthrowing either 
of his patents. 

At length, on rhe fourth of April, L688, the 
Commissioners <>f Plantations reported the righl 
:mkI title to the Isle of Kent to be absolutely with 
him, and thai the violences complained of by 
Clayborne to be left to the ordinary course of 
justice. 1 

But, on July the fourteenth, L638, the King 
from Greenwich writes to Cecil Baltimore: 

"The King understands that contrary \o his 
pleasure, Lord Baltimore's agents have slain 

three persons, possessed themselves of the island 
by force, and seized the persons and estates of 

the planters. These disorders have been referred 
to the Commissioners for Plantations. He is 
therefore commanded to allow the planters and 
their agents to have tree enjoyment of their pos- 
sessions without further trouble, until the cause 

is decided." 2 

Clayborne, on the eighth of A.ugust, L640, ap- 
pointed George Serrell, ^i' Nansemond, Virginia, 

to collect any debts due him in Maryland, but 

the Governor and Council, to the petition of Ser- 



1 Wm. lYim soavohed the records for an authenticated oopyof 
this report, but it oould never i>e found, Lord Charles Balti- 
more also failed in his searoh. 

' State Paper Cal., Col. Series, |». 280. 



REV. ANTHONY PANTON. 



05 



rell, presented :i tart and laconic reply, stating 
that all the property of Clayborne had been for 
feited for |»i paci and mu pder. 

Sir John Elarvey on his retupn to Virginia, 
with his secretary, Richard Kemp, who, in L688, 
built the first brick mansion, "the fairest ever 
known iii this country for substance :m<! uni 
fortuity," were more despotic than before in 
their sway. Il<" who daped differ from them in 
opinion quickly felt the weight of their dis- 
pleasure, Kemp having sonic difficulty with the 
Rev. A ii i li< in \ Panton, rector of York and Ches- 
kiack, banished him from the colony in 1689, 
for alleged "mutinous, rebellious, and piotou 
act . The minister was not a man tamely to 
submit to injustice, and Ins peporl of Kemp's 
conduct excited high displeasure in England. 
As Kemp had always befriended Cecil Balti- 
more, he writes to him on A.ugust the twentieth, 
L640, and begs his interest with the Archbishop 
of Canterbury that he may be satisfied with his 
conduct, and preserved against injury and malice; 
but the influence asked seems to have availed 
not hing, lor on October the thirtieth, hill, upon 
petition of A.nthony Panton, Clerk ;in<l Minis 
ter in Virginia, and A.gen1 for the Church and 
Clergy there, ii was ordered by the [louse of 
Lord,., "that Sir W. Berkeley, Kt., Richard 
Kemp, and Christopher Wormsley, shall be 



106 TERRA MARIM. 

stayed their voyage, and forthwith answer the 
complaint in the said petition." 1 

In the year 1042 hostilities commenced be- 
tween the Royalist and Parliament forces in 
England, and at first both Lord Baltimore and 
Clayborne were on the side of the King. In 
March Baltimore's wife's brother, William Arun- 
del, preferred charges against him, partly of a 
civil and partly of a criminal nature, and the 
House of Lords ordered him to give bonds not 
to leave the kingdom without permission, and 
the next month his old opponent, Clayborne, re- 
ceived a commission from Charles, as Treasurer 
of Virginia for life. 

It became necessary now to be careful that lie 
did not offend Parliament by transcending the 
letter of the Maryland charter, which, while it 
gave him the patronage of all churches, and the 
power to license the erection of chapels, also ex- 
pressly provided that the same should "be dedi- 
cated and consecrated according to the ecclesias- 
tical laws of England." 

As early as 1635 it had been charged before 
the Privy Council that mass was celebrated in 
Maryland, and the Jesuits had boasted that they 
had made proselytes of nearly all the emigrants 



1 Neither Anderson in his ''Colonial Churches/' nor Bishop 
Meade in his "Old Parishes of Virginia," makes any mention 
of this Agent for the Church and Clergy of Virginia. 



CHAPEL OF SAINT MALT. ]07 

that arrived in the year sixteen hundred and 
thirty-eight. 

Baltimore being anxious to preserve his Mary- 
land possession, it is very easy to see why the 
chapel of Saint Mary should have been pur- 
chased in his name for £200, 1 and why he should 
have at that period disapproved of sending a re- 
inforcement of Jesuits. 

Politic, and looking for his own aggrandize- 
ment, he wrote on October the seventh, 1642: 
" Considering the dependence of the state of 
Maryland on the state of England, unto which 
it must, as near as may be, be conformable, no 
ecclesiastic in the province ought to expect, nor is 
Lord Baltimore, nor any of his officers, although 
they are Roman Catholics, obliged in conscience 
to allow to such ecclesiastics any more or other 
privileges, exemptions, or immunities for the 
persons, lands, or goods, than is allowed by his 
Majesty or officers to like persons in England." 

In view of the increasing troubles of the king- 



1 Speaking of this purchase, Baltimore, in a dispatch dated 
Bristol, July the fourteenth, 1043, tells Dep. Gov. Brent: "Owing 
to some mistakes in that business, I have thought fit not to ac- 
cept" the bills drawn on him. On November the fourteenth, he 
speaks of sending Mr. Gilmctt as an agent, and desires all his 
carpenters and other apprentice servants to be sold forthwith, 
and that the best endeavors be used to discharge the bargain for 
Mr. Copley's house at Saint Mary's. He does not call Father 
Copley's house the chapel at Saint Mary's, but it was probably 
the same. 



108 TERRA MARIJE. 

dom, Governor Calvert left Maryland in April, 
1G43, to visit and consult his brother, Lord Bal- 
timore. King- Charles, a refugee at Oxford, that 
year granted commissions to Lord Baltimore, to 
surprise the Parliament and London ships, and 
also appointed Leonard Calvert to treat with the 
Assembly of Virginia relative to the exportation 
of tobacco and the transportation of. goods; and 
appointed Lord Baltimore collector and receiver 
of all customs, with power to appoint deputies. 

About the first of November, 1(348, a ship left 
London for Maryland, commanded by Richard 
Ingle. Upon its arrival at Saint Mary, by virtue 
of the commission granted to Leonard Calvert 
by Charles the First to seize London ships com- 
missioned by Parliament, acting Governor Brent 
captured the vessel, Ingle however escaping, and 
tendered the crew an oath against Parliament, 
and tampered with them to carry the ship to 
Bristol, that city being on the side of the King. 

He also issued, on the twentieth of January, 
1643-4, the following 

"Proclamation against Richard Ingle. 

"1 do hereby require, in his Majesty's name, 
Richard Ingle, mariner, to yield his body to 
Robert Ellyson, sheriff of this county, before the 
first day of February next, to answer such crimes 
of treason as on his Majesty's behalf shall be ob- 
jected against him, upon his utmost peril of the 



RETURN OF GOV. CALVERT. 109 

law in that behalf ; and I do further require all 
persons that can say or disclose any matter of 
treason against the said Richard Ingle, to inform 
his Lordship's attorney of it at some time before 
the said court, to the end it may be then and 
there prosecuted." 1 

After an absence of eighteen months, Leonard 
Calvert returned in September, 1644, to resume 
his duties as Governor, and found not only the 
colony divided into factions by the civil war in 
the mother country, but also that Clayborne was 
once more asserting his claim to Kent Island. 

Ingle, after his escape, returned to England in 
one of the vessels constantly sailing from James- 
town. He there obtained a letter of marque, 
and as captain of the ship Reformation, he de- 
parted again for Maryland — to use the words of 
his petition to the House of Lords— " where, 
finding the Governor of that province to have 
received a commission from Oxford to seize 
upon all ships belonging to London, and to exe- 
cute a tyrannical power against the Protestants, 



1 De Vries, the celebrated Dutch mariner, passed most of the 
winter of 1643-4 at Sir W. Berkeley's, in Jamestown, Virginia. 

On April the thirteenth, 1644, on his way to Europe, he wit- 
nessed, at the mouth of Warwick Creek, near Newport News, a 
fight between a twelve-gun ship of Bristolers, as the Royalists 
were called, and two vessels of Londoners. Five days after 
this, on Good Friday, the Indians rose and massacred the in- 
habitants, to which allusion has been made in the last chapter. 

10 



110 TERRA MARLK. 

and such as adhered to Parliament, and to press 
wicked oaths upon them, and endeavor their ex- 
tirpation, lie did venture his life and fortune in 
sending his men, and assisting the well affected 
Protestants against the tyrannical government, 
and it pleased God to enable him to take divers 
places from them." His success was so com- 
plete, and the people so fully in sympathy, that 
Leonard Calvert, Secretary Lewger, and their 
few adherents, fled to Virginia, and Captain Ed- 
ward Hill was made Governor. 1 

On the twenty-fifth of December, 1645, there 
was read in the House of Lords the following 
paper, from the Committee of Plantations : 

"Die Veneris, 28th Nov., 1645. 

" The petition of divers in Maryland was this 
day read, setting forth the tyrannical govern- 
ment of that province ever since its first settling 
by recusants, who have reduced and forced 
many of his Majesty's subjects from their relig- 
ion, and humbly praying the assistance and the 

1 The Virginia Assembly of 1045-0 passed the following: 
"Whereas, Lieutenant Nicholas Stillwell, and others of the 
colony, have secretly conveyed themselves to Maryland, or 
Kent, and divers others engaged persons likely to follow, if 
timely prevention be not had therein; 

"Be it therefore enacted, that Capt. Thos. Willoughby and 
Capt. Edward Hill be hereby authorized to go to Maryland, or 
Kent, to demand the return of such persons who are already 
departed from the colony.'' — Meninges Statutes. 



PAPER READ IN HOUSE <>l< LORDS. Ill 

protection of the Parliament, by appointing such 
a government as they shall think lit. 

"Upon consideration whereof, as also the let- 
ters patent whereby his Majesty, in the eighth 
year of his reign, granted the said province to 
Cecil Calvert, Baron of Baltimore, and of a 
certificate from the Judge of the Admiralty, 
grounded upon the deposition of witnesses taken 
in that Court: That Leonard Calvert, late Gov- 
ernor there, had a commission from Oxford to 
seize such persons, ships, and goods as belonged 
to any of London; which he registered, pro- 
claimed, and endeavored to put in execution at 
Virginia; and that one Brent, his deputy Gov- 
ernor, had seized upon a ship, empowered under 
a commission derived from the Parliament, be- 
cause she was of London, and afterward not 
only tampered with the crew thereof to carry her 
to Bristol, then in hostility against the Parlia- 
ment, but also tendered them an oath against 
the Parliament. 

"This Committee doth therefore conceive that 
not only the said Governor and deputy Gover- 
nor are unfit to be longer continued in the said 
charge, but also that the Lord Baltimore hath 
broken the trust reposed in them by said letters 
patent; and that it will be a very good service 
to have the said plantation and government set- 
tled in Protestants' hands by order of Parlia- 
ment," etc. 



I L2 TERRA mm; i E 

During the year lt>M>, Cecil Baltimore was 
urging before the FIouso of Lords a petition in 
behalf <>i bis patent, l>ui nol with much success, 
and apparently fearing thai il would be revolted, 
lie wrote from Stook on the fifteenth <»i Govern 
ber, h> l(i, and gave ;i power of attorney to his 
brother, Leonard Calvert, and his trusty and 
well beloved John Lewger, !<> collect all rents 
:ni(l dues belonging l<> him, either in Virginia or 
Maryland, and i<> dispose thereof as ho should 
direct. 

Clayborne now was in possession of Kenl 
[sland, and tngle appears to have taken to Eng 
land Father White and one or two oilier Jesuits, 
and the rocords Ik* had captured. 1 Taking ad 
vantage of his absence, Leonard Calvorl came 
back, with a small force, and regained possession 
of the government, and in A.pril, 1647, ho wenl 
in person and reduced Ken1 [sland to his author 
ity, and made Robert V^aughan, :> Protestant, 
commander thereof. Alter ;i fow months his 
health failed, and on the ninth of dune he died, 
having on his sick bod appointed Mistress Mar- 
garei Brent, ;i suede woman, his administra- 

1 Lord Baltimore ordered a Bpooial warrant to Jamea Linsej 
:unl Riohard Willam, for grant of the manor of Snov EXi 11, for 
Borvioe ngaiii I I uu lo, I o be inaortod In the patent, " a notice 
ni their Blngular and approvod worth, oourage, and fidelity, to 
iiic end in iiiciiunv of their merit." Kilty's Landholder' & Axshi 
ant, 



MARGARET BRENT. I |:i 

hix,' mid Thomas Green liis successor, the same 
in:iii win*, on November ili« i fifteenth, H>l!>, pro 
claimed the Prince <>r W"ales "as the undoubted 



1 On November 22d, L688, Giles, And tfulk, and Margaret, 
and Mary Brenl arrived in the colony ■ 

The Assembly recognized Miss Brenl ai the \ttorney of the 
Lord Proprietary, and she then asked for a vote In thai body 
for herself, and also «m Attorney of Leonard Calvert. Gover 
nor Green refused, and lie then protested againsl all the acts 
of the Assembly. Baltimore seems to have disapproved of Mis- 
tn Brenl com e, bul the Assembly of 1649 righl gallantly 
defended her. They wrote i 

"As for Mistress Brent's undertaking and meddling with your 
estate, we do verily believe, and In conscience report, that it 
was better for the colony's safety at thai time "> hei hand , 
than in any man's else In the whole province after your 
brother's death; for the soldiers would never have treated any 
other with thai civility and respect, and though they were even 
ready at several Limes to run Into mutiny, yel she still pacified 
them, 1 ill :ii last tilings were brought to that strait, that shn 
must be admitted and declared your Lordship attorney i».y 
order of court, or else all must < r, > to ruin again, n n •! the second 
mi chief had been doubtless far greater than the formei so 
that, if there hath not been any sinister use made of your Lord 
m 1 1 i 1 > s estate i»y her, from wimi. It was intended and engaged 
for by Mr. Calverl before his death, as we verily believe, slm 
hath not ; Mien we conceive from thai time she rather de erved 
favor and thanks from your Honor, for her so much concurring 
to the public safety, than to be justly liable to all those bitter 
invectives you have been pies ed to express against her." 

Dep. Gov. Giles Brent moved across the river Into Virginia a! 
an early day. He had a sun named Giles, ; ""i a grandson 
William, who were Virginians. 

The latter died in ESngland in 1709, at the age of twenty flv0. 

Id 1 



I l I TERRA M. I /,'/./•:. 

rightful heir <<> nil his father's dominions," and 
as King Charles the Second. 

The course of [ngle \\ :is approved in London, 
lor, soon after this, he \\ ns recommended to be a 
commander of one of the Parliamenl ships. 

Alter the visit of Leonard Calved l<> his 
brother, reverse after reverse was the lo1 of the 
[loyalists. On the fields of Marston Moor and 
Naseby, Sir Thomas Fairfax, with liis Lieuten- 
ant Cromwell, had taughl Ruperl and the Cav- 
aliers that the forces of Parliamenl could fight 
as well as pray, and those that used to laugh 
now began to tremble before the Roundheads. 
Royal pride and popular impatience wrestled 
together, until at last the latter forced the head 

i)\' the King \o the block, and tlu i Parliament 
became the keeper of the liberties of England, 

and succeeded to all his rights. 

To this revolution, self-interest prompted 
many of the courtiers \o accede, and among 
them was Cecil Baltimore, who encouraged the 
Assembly of Maryland io imitate Parliament in 
passing laws against blasphemy, and assented to 
the expunging of tin 4 words "absolute Lord" 
and " royal jurisdiction ' from the oath oi' fidel- 
ity to the Lord Proprietary. 

Although Richard [ngle had been excepted in 
the Act {)[' Oblivion by the Maryland Assembly, 
lie was not, inconvenienced thereby, for on 
March the first, L650, before the Committee oi' 



CHARGES AGAINST BALTIMORE. 115 

Admiralty, he preferred charges against Lord 
Baltimore concerning misdemeanors in his gov- 
ernment of Maryland, and two weeks later, after 
several debates in the Committee LL of the busi- 
ness depending between Captain [ngle and Lord 
Baltimore, touching a commission granted to 
Leonard Calvert, brother to the said Lord Balti- 
more, by the late King at Oxford, in L643, the 
Attorney General and Dr. Walker were desired 
to take into consideration the validity and inva- 
lidity of the original granl of June twentieth, 
K;:52, to Cecil Lord Baltimore of a trad of land 
called Maryland, and all pin-tics interested weir 
summoned to appear before them on the thir- 
teenth of the month." 

Baltimore from week to week delayed no- 
ticing the summons, and on the fifth of April 
they issued another order, requiring him to ap- 
pear on the eighteenth, and that, if he did not', 
they would proceed to make a report. 

\«> record has been found as to the final de- 
termination of the matter between [ngle and 
Baltimore, bul on October the third the Council 
of State considered the petition and papers pre- 
sented by Eenry Wallis, in behalf of divers well- 
affected persons of the "Isle of Providence, in 
Maryland," and they declared thai as Parlia- 
ment had already expressed themselves sensible 
of the condition of* the plantation depending 
upon ili«' Commonwealth, and lately ordered the 



116 TERRA MM! I.E. 

bringing in of the patents ^\' the pretended pro- 
prietor, that the Council may proceed to take 
rare of those plantations, but thai for the present 
the matters of remonsl ranee by J\l r, Wallis should 
be referred to a sub-committee. 

In the hope of increasing the confidence <>f 
Parliament, and conciliating the republicans of 
Maryland, Lord Baltimore issued a commission, 
to which allusion lias been made, for Edward 
Gibbons, Esq., Major- General of New England, 
to be councillor, justice of the peace, and admiral 
of the Province of Maryland. Wben the colo- 
nists heard of tin 4 discussions that bad taken 
place in the Council of State and before the Ad- 
miralty Committee, it was not strange that they 
should have thought that the proprietary govern- 
ment would soon be dissolved. Edward Lloyd, 
Commander of Anne Arundel County, appears 
to have taken some step looking to a change of 
government, which, in a dispatch of Baltimore 
to the Assembly, dated August the twentieth, 

L651, is thus noticed ; 

"We cannot but much wonder at a message, 

which we understood was lately sent, by one Mr. 
Lloyd, from some lately scaled al Anne Arun- 
del, to our Genera] Assembly, held at Saint 
Mary's, in March last, but are unwilling to im- 
pute, either to the sender or deliverer thereof, so 
malign a sense of ingratitude and other ill afFec- 
lions as it may seem to bear; conceiving rather 



APPOINTMENT OF COMMISSIONERS. 117 

that it proceeded from some apprehensions in 
them, at thai time grounded upon some reports 
in those parts of a dissolution or re ignation 
here of our patenl and righl to thai province." 
II,, t h ei] added, that they would Learn, from Mr. 
Harrison 1 and other of their friends in England, 
thai these reports were false. 

A month after this was penned, Parliament 
appointed Captain Robert Dennis, Richard Ben- 
nett, Thomas Stagg, <>l" Westover, and Captain 
William Clayborne, Commissioners to reduce the 
people in "all the plantations within the Bay of 
Chesapeake." Owing to the loss at sea of Cap- 
tain Dennis and the frigate John, Captain Ed- 
ward Curtis, in command of the Guinea frigate 
of twenty- eighl guns, acted in connection with 
Cla /borne and Bennett. 

The Council of State, in addition to the in- 
structions to the Commissioners, on October the 
second also prepared a letter for " Richard Ben- 
net, Esq., in Virginia," with some instructions, 
which lie was not to open until tint country was 
obedient to the ( lommonwealth. 

On tint twelfth of March, L652-3, the Governor 
and Council of Virginia surrendered to the Com- 
missioners upon the most liberal terms. Neither 



' Rev. Dr. Thomas Harrison, who had formed the Congr< 
tional Church of Nansemond, Virginia, a [.onion of whose trn 

bad moved to Severn River and vi<:init.y iii I'ilS '.). 



118 



TERRA 1/. i /;/./•:. 



the Governor nor Council were obliged \o take 
any oath to the Commonwealth for one year, 
and were allowed passes to leave Virginia within 
a year, and to be free from arresl or trouble for 
six months after their arrival in England. The 
best men of the colony were opposed to Berke- 
ley and the despotic officers of the Crown. 
Among others Colonel Richard Lee, 1 the ances- 
tor of the Richard Lee, who in the Continental 
Congress offered the resolution declaring the 
colonies free and independent states. 

Visiting Saint Mary, Governor Stone and 
Council wen* told that they did not intend 
to infringe Lord Baltimore's just risrhts, ami 
they only desired conformity to the laws of 
the Commonwealth of England. They refused 
ii) conform, on the ground that it was incon- 
sistent with the charter oi' the colony, and the 
oaths they had taken to Lord Baltimore. The 
Commissioners therefore proceeded, on the 
twenty-ninth of March, Hie^, to establish a pro- 



1 In 1654 Colonel Richard Lee visited England, and brought 
some old silver to be melted over. In September, 1655, under 
the acl forbidding (lie exportation of plate and bullion, liis 
trunk, containing two hundred ounces <>f silver, in the new 
Btyle, with his coat of arms engraved thereon, was seized at 
Gravesend, <>n board the ship Anthony. Upon petition of ins 
London agent ii was restored, "Colonel Lee being faithful and 
useful to i he interest of the Commonwealth." — Cal. State Papers, 
Col. Series, 167 I 1660, i>. 430. 



ORDER OF GOV. STONE. I 111 

vincial council, of which Robert Brooke was the 
head. 

Subsequently Governor Stone confessed that 
he had misapprehended the Commissioners, and 
they then reappointed him and his secretary, and 
named a council <<> co-operate with them, until 
further orders from England. 

Matters now remained quiet until February 
the seventh, L653-4, when Governor Stone, pur- 
suant to instructions from Lord Baltimore, issued 
an order in his name, declaring that unless all 
persons claiming lands took the oath of fidelity 
to the Proprietor, and obtained patents accord- 
ing to the terms prescribed, they would be for- 
ever debarred from any claims to the lands on 
which they had settled. 

This created great excitemenl among those 
settlers who had come from Nansemond, in Vir- 
ginia, and their friends; men who had done 
more than any oilier to build up and give char- 
acter to the colony, and Edward Lloyd and 
seventy-seven other persons of the housekeepers 
and freemen of Severn River, and Richard Pres- 
ton and sixty others of Patuxent River, petitioned 
the Commissioners for the Commonwealth of 
England for relief. 

It should be here noticed thataboul the month 
of August, 1652, Cecil Baltimore presented a 
paper to the authorities in England, showing the 
importance of not uniting Maryland with Vir- 



L20 TERRA MARIJE. 

ginia, i<> lln v prejudice of his patenl and righl to 
Maryland, where he maintains a deputy governor 
al his own charge. Strange to snvjlio old friend 
of James :in<l Charles also urged the cavalier 
tendencies <>f Virginia, and claimed that Mary- 
land and New England were the only two provinces 
thai did nol declare against the Parliament. 1 

u As Late as December the twenty-ninth, H»r>:», 
the Council of State, upon the petition of Col. 
Samuel Matthews, A.gent for Virginia, referred 
the questions between Lord Baltimore and the 
people of Virginia concerning their bounds, with 
the papers, in the hands <>i' the Committee of 
the Navy, to the Lord Protector; and two days 
after, proclamations were ordered to be senl to 
Governor Richard Bennett, declaring the Gov- 
ernment of the Commonwealth entrusted to Oli- 
ver Cromwell, Lord Protector, and successive 
triennial Parliaments. Lord President Elenry 
Lawrence at tin' same time stated that " his 
Highness has put into an effectual way the speedy 
resolutions of the questions between Lord Balti- 
more and the people of Virginia. 5 ' 

On Mi** sixth of May, L654, Governor Stone, 
by proclamation, acknowledged Cromwell as 

Protector oi' England, Scotland, and Ireland, 

and the governmenl of the Proprietary as sub- 



1 Cal. State Papers, Col. Series, 1574 L660, p. 888. 



PARLIAMENT COMMISSIONERS. |:>| 



ordinate thereto, but ignored Bennett and Clay- 
borne as ( !ommis8ioners. 

The latter therefore, at Patuxent, on July the 
fifteenth, issued a manifesto which contained the 
following statemenl : 

" Whereas we have lately received commands 
from his Highness, the Lord Protector, to pub- 
lish the said platform of government; and that 
nil writs mid proceedings should be issued in the 
name of his Highness; to which though we de- 
Bire this government to be conformable, yet the 
said Captain Stone and Mr. Hatton have lately 
associated unto them divers counsellors, all of the 
Romish religion, and excluding others appointed 
by the Parliamenl Commissioners, have :m<l do 
refuse !<> beobedienl to the constitutions thereof 
and to Hi*' Lord Protector therein; and have, in 
the name and by the special direction of the said 
Lord Baltimore, made proclamation and exacted 
mi oath of fidelity from all the inhabitants of the 
province contrary nu<l inconsistent to the said 
platform of government, which said oath never- 
theless, and the law here commanding the same 
and many oilier laws, mv likewise, by the report 
of I. he said Committee of the Council of State, 
declared to be contrary to the laws and statutes 
of I he English nation, which is mi express breach 
of his patent," etc. etc. 

Five days after this declaration, Governor 
Stone resigned his power as Governor under 

1 1 



122 TERRA MA RLE. 

Baltimore, and promised to submit to such gov- 
ernment as the Commissioners in the name of 
the Protector should establish, and on the twenty- 
second of July, Commissioners were appointed to 
conduct the government, and William Durand 
made Secretary. 

The government remained hi the hands of the 
Commissioners without disturbance until Janu- 
ary, 1654-5, when a person, named Eltonhead, 
arrived in the G-olden Fortune, Captain Tilgh- 
man, Commander, from England. He seems to 
have brought instructions from Lord Baltimore, 
who was dissatisfied with Stone for surrendering 
the government. 

Stone now began to organize an armed force 
against the existing authorities, and, sending a 
party to the house of Richard Preston, on the 
Patuxent, the public records were seized and 
taken to St. Mary's, and subsequently arms and 
ammunition were captured from the same place. 
He then, with two hundred men in twelve boats, 
started on the twelfth of March to reduce the 
settlements on the Severn River. Before they 
reached Herring Bay, they were met by messen- 
gers in a boat from Providence with a letter of 
remonstrance from the authorities to Stone, and 
asking under what instructions he acted, and tell- 
ing him " they were resolved to commit them- 
selves into the hands of God, and rather die like 
men than live like slaves.*' The messengers 



SEVERN MEN ATTACKED. 123 

were seized, but they made their escape, and told 
the Severn men that Stone was approaching with 
hostile intent. Stone also chased Captain Gook- 
ins' vessel and fired several shots. As he neared 
the Severn, Dr. Luke Barber, who had been in 
the Parliament army and attached to Cromwell's 
household, and had only been in Maryland four 
weeks, was sent with a Mr. Coursey to demand 
their surrender. About dusk, on the twenty- 
fourth of March, 1654-5, the fleet of insurgents 
arrived at the mouth of the Severn. 

In the harbor were two vessels, the Golden 
Lion, a large ship, commanded by Captain Roger 
Heamans, and a small New England trading ves- 
sel, in charge of Captain John Cntts. When 
Stone's flotilla came in range, a shot was fired 
from the Golden Lion to halt him, but he moved 
on toward Horn Point, and began to land his 
men on this neck of land, now a suburb of An- 
napolis. 

As the night soon came, it rendered fighting 
impracticable; but on the next morning, Sun- 
day, Stone found that the creek where his boats 
lay was blockaded by the Golden Lion, and this 
vessel opening fire upon them, forced them to 
move up the peninsula, where they drew up in 
line of battle, displaying the colors of Lord Bal- 
timore. The Severn men, to the number of one 
hundred and twenty, under Captain Fuller, 
marched around the peninsula, with the colors 



{24 TERRA MARIjE. 

of the Commonwealth, and offered battle. A 
few scattering shots a1 first, killed William A.yres, 
the bearer of the colors of England, and this 
led to a genera] engagement. The word of the 
Severn men was, ""In the name of God, fall on 1" 
and that of Baltimore's men, "Hey, for Saint 
Mary's!" 

The contest was short and sharp, and Stone's 
party, completely routed, threw down their arms 
and begged for mercy. 

After the battle, a court-martial was held, and 
as the insurgents pretended to acl under no 
written authority from any one, Eltonhead, and 
Lieut, William Lewis, and two others, who had 
in some way rendered themselves more obnox- 
ious than the others, were executed for treason. 
Mrs. Stone, in a letter to Lord Baltimore, says: 
"They tried all your councillors by a council of 
war, and sentence was passed upon my husband 
to be shot to death, but was after saved by the 
enemy's own soldiers, and so the rest of the 
councillors were saved by the petitions of the 
women, with some other friends they found 
there." 

Soon after the battle, Governor Bennetl went 
to England, and the Council of Virginia wrote, 
on dune the twenty-eighth, L655, that " they did 
never intermeddle between those men oi' ^vvcvn 

and my Lord Baltimore bis officers, but what 
hath been, was by the Commissioners Richard 



OLIVER CROMWELL'S LETTER. 125 

Bennett and Col. Will. Clayborne, authorized 
by the Parliament, withoul the consenl of the 
Council or Assembly of Virginia. And further, 
that since one of the said Commissioners, Rich- 
ard Bennett, is now in England employed as 
Agent for Virginia, and is there presenl to an- 
swer to this Parliament business, acted by liini 
as Commissioner aforesaid ; and that the coun- 
tenancing of either party may be the occasion of 
further bloodshed." 1 

Colonel Bennett seems to have acquainted the 
Protector with the doubts of some of the Vir- 
ginians, as to the propriety of the acts of the 
Commissioners of Maryland, and the following 
letter was written on September twenty-sixth, 
1655, by Cromwell to settle doubts: 

" It seems to us, by yours of the twenty- 
ninth of J nne, and by the relation we received 
by Colonel Bennett, thai some mistake or scru- 
ple hath arisen concerning the sense of our let- 
ter of the twelfth of January last; as if by our 
letters we had intimated that we could have a 
stop put to the proceedings of those Commis- 
sioners who were authorized to settle the civil 
government of Maryland, which was not at all 
intended b}^ us, nor so much as proposed to us 
by those who made addresses to ^^ to obtain our 
said letter; but our intention was, as our said 



1 Thurloe State Paper* 
II* 



120 TERRA MARINE. 

letter doth plainly import, only to prevenl and 
forbid any force or violence to be offered by 
either of the plantations of Virginia or Mary- 
land from one to the other, upon the differences 
concerning their bounds, the said differences 
being then under the consideration of ourself 
and council here, which for your more full satis- 
faction we have thought Ht to signify to you." 

Cecil Baltimore and the Adventurers of Mary- 
land, in January, 1655-56, made complaint to 
the Lord Protector against Bennett and Clay- 
borne, for shooting four men to death in cold 
blood, and ask a restitution of their rights, and 
at the same time the Commissioners presented a 
counter-petition. 

A pamphlet also appeared, written by a Balti- 
more partisan, styled: "Hammond versus I lea- 
mans; or, an answer to an audacious pamphlet, 
published by an impudent and ridiculous fellow 
named Roger Eeamans, calling himself Com- 
mander of the ship Golden Lion, wherein he en- 
deavors,by lies and holy expressions, to color 
over his murders and treacheries committed in 
the Province of Maryland, to the utter ruin of 
that flourishing plantation; having for a greal 
sum sold himself to proceed in those cruelties; 
it being altogether answered out of the abstract 
of credible oaths taken here in England. In 
which is published his Highnesses absolute 

though neglected command to Richard Bennett, 



DIFFICULTIES SETTLED. L27 

late Governor of Virginia, and all others, not to 
distui-]) the Lord Baltimore's plantation in Alary- 
land. By John Hammond, 1 a sufferer in these 
calamities. Printed at London for the use of 
the author, and are to be sold at the Royal 1 Ex- 
change in Cornhill." 

On the thirty-first of July, 1656, the Council 
of State considered the petition of Colonels 
Matthews and Bennett, and also the report from 
Lords Whitelocke and Widrington, relating to 
Virginia and Maryland, and recommended that 
the whole matter be referred to the Committee 
of Trade for their opinion. 

This Committee having made a report, the 
whole matter, on December the seventeenth, was 
referred to the Committee on Plantations, to 
confer with Baltimore and the other parties, and 
report what they conceived fit to be done. 

After many interviews, on the thirtieth of No- 
vember, 1657, articles of agreement were signed 
by Cecil Baltimore and the Commissioners Ben- 



1 John Hammond for seventeen years resided in Virginia; 
but, in November, L652, by an act of the Assembly, being at 
the time a burgess from the Isle of Wight, was expelled from 
the colony as a " scandalous person, and a frequent disturber of 
the peace of the country." (Hening.) He then went to Mary- 
land, and, after Stone's insurrection, he escaped to England, 
and beside the pamphlet quoted, he wrote " Leah and Rachel," 
in praise of the sister colonies, which is republished in t lie 
Force Historical Tracts. 



128 TERRA MARIJR. 

nett and Matthews, in the last of which the Lord 
Baltimore did promise " that he would never 
give his assent to the repeal of a law established 
heretofore in Maryland by his Lordship's con- 
sent, and mentioned in the report of the Com- 
mittee for trade, whereby all persons professing 
to believe in Jesus Christ have freedom of con- 
science there." 

With the understanding that the oath of fidel- 
ity was not to be pressed upon the people then 
resident in the province of Maryland, the Com- 
missioners in the colony surrendered their power 
on March the twenty-fourth, 1657-8, and Josias 
Fendall was proclaimed Governor, and Philip 
Calvert, 1 an illegitimate son of the first Lord 
Baltimore, was made Secretary, and writs issued 
for an assembly to meet on April the twenty- 
seventh, 1658, at St. Leonard's. 

The affairs of the colony rapidly settled, the 
pursuits of industry were resumed, and popula- 
tion increased under the more liberal interpreta- 
tion of the charter, and the only mention of 
Lord Baltimore previous to the restoration of 
monarchy and the accession of Charles the 
Second, is an order of the Council of State to 



1 Stuyvesant calls him an illegitimate; Heerman says he was 
a half-brother of Cecil Baltimore. Burke, in his Extinct Peer- 
age, says nothing of George Baltimore having married a second 
time. 



BENNETT AND CLAYBORNE. 129 

apprehend Cecil Lord Baltimore, and such others 
as are suspected to be engaged with him in 
making and exporting great sums of money, and 
to seize all money, stamps, tools, and instru- 
ments for coining:. 1 

The Commissioners Bennett and Clayborne 
quietly retired to their plantations in Virginia, 
and were respected citizens, and in 1659 Samuel 
Matthews, their associate, died. 

In 1673 Bennett lived not far from his life- 
long political opponent, and both were old men. 
William Edmundson, the companion of the cele- 
brated George Fox, after visiting Berkeley, went 
to William Wright's to hold a meeting, and 
Major-General Bennett and some other promi- 
nent neighbors were present. Says the preacher, 
in the quaint language of the Society of Friends: 

"They said he spoke the truth, and were 
courteous. The Major-General replied he was 
glad to hear that there was such order among 
us, and would it had been so with others. He 
further said he was a man of great estate, and 
many of our friends were poor, and therefore he 



1 Mr. George Peabody has presented to the Maryland His- 
torical Society one or two Baltimore coins. Davis thus describes 
the currency: "There was a provincial coin, consisting of 
silver, and issued by the Proprietary, having upon one side his 
Lordship's arms, with the motto, Crescite et Multiplicand ni ; 
upon the other his image, with the circumscription, Coecilius 
Dominus Terne-MariEe." 



80 



TEH li A )l.\i; IK. 



desired to contribute. Il<" likewise asked me 
how I was treated 1»\ the Governor [Berkeley], 
having heard that I was with him. I lold him 
he was brittle and peevish, and I could get no- 
thing further on him. lie asked me If the Gov- 
ernor called me dog, rogue, etc. 1 said no, he 
did noi call me so. Then said he, you look him 
in die best humor, those being his usual terms 
when he is angry, for he is an enemy to every 
appearance of good. They were lender and lov 
ing, and we parted so, the Major- Gen era] desir- 
ing lt> see me al his house, which I was willing 

to do, and accordingly wenl . 

"He was a solid, wise man, received i lie truth, 

and died in (lie same, leaving two friends his 

executors." 

His daughter, Anna, married Theodoric Bland, 
a gentleman of character and high social posi- 
tion. 

A Richard Bennett, ihe grandson of the Gov 

ernor, in !(!!>!► was Ihe collector of Lord Haiti 
mores revenues. lie heeaine Ihe largest slave- 
holder in Maryland, and was buried at Bennett's 
Point, in Queen A.une's County. 

William (layhorne settled in (lie valley <>l 

(he Pamunkey. Alter Berkeley was made Gov- 
ernor, at liis request he was again made Secretary 
of Virginia, and was in L666 a member of (he 
Virginia A.ssemblv. He was killed in a skirmish 



CLA YBORNE KILLED. |:;i 

with the 1 1 1 < I i : 1 1 1 m. at Moncock Hills, and was 

hurled on I lie lit 'Id. 1 

In L699 Story, the celebrated Quaker preacher, 
visited a William Oiayborne, on] 'amunkey Neck, 
who was probably the son of the Former^ 

' MoSberry. 




<£&& 



CHAPTER FOURTH. 



THE SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. 




ECIL BALTIMORE never contributed 
a shilling, as far as the public records 
3. show, toward the building- of a church 
or school-house in the Colony of Maryland. In 
his dispatches he seldom makes allusion to the 
importance of either, and therefore it is not sur- 
prising that at the Restoration, and accession of 
Charles the Second to the throne, there should 
have been less intelligence in the province than 
in the other colonies. During the days of the 
Commonwealth there appears to have been but 
1 1 1 ree clergymen in the province. The Rev. Wil- 
liam Wilkinson, of the Church of England, who, 
on the first of October, 1650, obtained nine hun- 
dred acres of land on the Patuxent River, fifteen 
miles north of Saint Mary's, which w r as subse- 
quently increased to two thousand. 
(132) 



FATHER FITZ HERBERT. 133 

In 1654 arrived Father Francis Fitz Herbert, 1 
an able Jesuit and fluent preacher, whose zeal 
stirred up animosity, and led to his indictment 
for treason and sedition before Governor Fen- 
dall, Secretary Philip Calvert, and Councillors 
Utye, Stone, Chandler, and Baker Brooke. The 
court convened at St. Leonard's on October the 
fifth, 1658, and it was charged, that he had 
threatened Thomas Gerard, of the Roman Catho- 
lic faith, that he would force him to bring his 
family to church, and also that a few weeks be- 
fore, at a muster on the Upper Patuxent, he did 
try to proselyte. One man testified that he 
heard Fitz Herbert preach at Mrs. Burke's 
house, and the same night Richard Games turned 
Roman Catholic, and brought home two books 
given by the priest. The Jesuit very properly 
answered his accusers, that he had a right to be 
protected while preaching and teaching, since 
by the very first law of the country, Holy Church 
within the province, should have and enjoy all 
her rights, liberties, and franchises, among which 
were preaching and teaching. "Neither imports 
it," said he, " what church is there meant, since, 
by the true intent of the Act concerning Reli- 
gion, every church professing to believe in God 



1 Father Starkio seems to have been in the colony as a co- 
adjutor, but was not active. 

12 



134 



TERRA MM U.K. 



the Father, Son, and Eioly Ghost, is accounted 
Holy Church." 

The third clergyman was the Rev. Francis 
Doughty, 1 who firsl emigrated to New England, 
and then came l<> Long Island, and while there 
preached to the English- speaking members of 
the Reformed Church in Manhattan, now New 
Fork City. 

EEis daughter Mary there married Adrian Yan- 
derdonk, 2 a graduate of Leyden, and distin- 
guished lawyer, and after his death she became 
the wife of Hugh O'Neal, of Patuxent, and her 
father appears to have lived with her. 

Heerman, one of the Boundary Commissioners 
from New Netherlands, says that while lie was 
dining with Philip Calvert, on Sunday, October 
the twelfth, L659, "Mr. Doughty, the minister, 
accidentally called." 

The only active religious teacher was Fitz 
Herbert, and generally the masses were without 

any moral inst nielion. 

Amid the ferments of the Cromwelliau era a 
society of enthusiasts originated calling them- 
selves Friends, but stigmatized as Quakers. 
Disgusted with l In* formalism of the period, and 



'Governor Stone's brother in l .■ i w was named Franois 
Doughty. 

Vanderdonk w.is a lineal desoendani of Adrian Van Bergen, 
who broughl i he turf-boat into Breda, and thus rescued the 
plaoe from the Spaniards In 1599, 



WENLOCK CHRIS TOP HERS ON. 135 

eschewing every species of ritualism, they talked 

much of the inner light, and Christ in the heart. 

Meek in bearing, neat although peculiar in 

dress, plain spoken even to blnnlness, fenrless lo 

the verge of foolhardiness, they proclaimed their 
doctrines in the Pace of all opposition. 

In L656 they appeared in America, :m<l not 
only Virginia bu1 Massachusetts, treated them 
ns puhlic enemies. Four years later Daniel 
( Jon Id was beaten with thirty stripes, in the latter 
colony, for returning withoul permission, and 

Wenlock ( lirislopherson sentcnceil |o death, 

which drew forth from his lips these words of 
wisdom : 

"For ilie last man that was put f<> death 
here, are five conn' in Ids room, [f you have 
power to take my life from me, God e;m raise 
ii|) the same principle in ten of Ids servants, and 
send them among you in my room." 

His speech nnide a deep impression, and he 

w;is set a1 liberty, when he sought the ( 'olony of 
Maryland, to be kindly received by the Pres- 
ton, Thomas, and Richardson families, and was 
usually called Christerson. Dr. Peter Sharpe, 
in his will, gave to Daniel Gould, and Wenlock 
Christerson and wife, forty shillings each, also 
ti for perpetual standing, ;i horse for the Friends 
in the ministry, to be placed at ;i convenient 
place for t heir use." 
The AssemUy, however, forgetting the law of 



L36 



TERRA MM U.K. 



the colony, looked upon ilicin as vagabonds and 
tk disturbers of the peace." 

I > 1 1 1 the fair-minded historian cannot disguise 
the fact, that under the influence of these de- 
spised people, the lirsi greal religious awakening 
in Maryland occurred. 

One day in L672, unexpectedly to all, there 
landed on the banks of the Patux'ent, from a 
ship that had come from England, by way of 
Jamaica, the apostle of that peculiar people, 
whom Cromwell said Hie could uot win with 
^•il'ts, honors, offices, or places," George Fox, 
thai spiritual iconoclasl whose name is identi- 
fied with the religious history of the seventeenth 

eenl ili'V. 

Believing that time was precious, he imme- 
diately began to preach. For four days he ex- 
pounded his doctrines with singular clearness, 

and wiih :i mellow voice prayed from the depths 

of his SOul, and as a result live or six justices of 

the peace, and many world's people who came 
from curiosity, went away full of interest. 

Partly by land and partly by water he hastened 

to the Cliffs of Calvert, and addressed another 

large assembty. 

Crossing the bay, crowds gathered to listen, 
and a judge's wife was frank to say, "she had 
rather hear him once, than the priests a thousand 

times. " 

Returning to the Western Shore, he spoke at 



GEORGE FOX'S LABORS. |:!7 

the Severn, where the numbers were so greal 
that no building was Large enough to hold the 
audience. The next day he was at Abraham 
Birkhead's, six or seven miles distant, and there 
the Speaker of the Assembly was convinced* 
then mounting his horse, he rode to Dr. Peter 
Sharpe's, al the Cliffs of Calvert. Here was a 
" heavenly meeting,' 5 many of the upper sort of 
people present, and ;i wife of one of the Q-over 
nor's councillors was convinced. 

Some Roman Catholics came to deride, bul 
they had no hearl to oppose. From thence lie. 
rode eighteen miles to James Preston's, on the 
Patuxent, where an [ndian chief and some of his 
tribe came to see the strange man who was lift- 
ing Up hi- \<>i<-c in the wilderness. After a lour 

to Virginia and Carolina, he came back to Pres- 
ton's on the twenty-seventh of the eleventh 
month, l<»7-, and soon began to travel in the 
face of snow storms to dee hi re the truth in Christ 
as he understood it. Taking a boal at the Cliffs 
for the Eastern Shore, he was obliged to pass a 
winter's night without fire. In Somerset County 
be held a meeting at A.namessex, and then pro- 
ceeded to Hunger's Creek, Little Choptank, 
Tredhaven, Wyes, and to John Taylor's, on 

Kent Ishmd. 

His labors had been incessant: neither snow 
storms nor the burning su ii had detained. He 

i a* 



138 TERRA MM U.K. 

forded streams, slepl in (lie woods and in barns 
with as much complacency as in the comfortable 

houses ol* his friends, and was truly a wonder 
unto many. 

Before he returned to England he rested a 
few days at the ('Mils, went up to Annapolis, and 

attended the meeting of the Provincial Assem- 
bly, and early in HIT-') sailed for his native land. 
Those attached to ritualism were horrified at the 
excitement created. On May the twenty-fifth, 
L676, the Rev. John Yeo, of Patuxent, w r rote to 
the Archbishop of Canterbury: "The Province 
of Maryland is in a desperate condition for the 
want of an established ministry, 'fen or twelve 
counties; twenty thousand souls; three Protest- 
ant ministers of the Church. The Papists are 
provided for, and the Quakers take care of those 

that are speakers, hut no care is taken to build 
up churches in the Protestant religion. The 
Lord's day is profaned, religion is despised, and 

all notorious vices are committed; so that it is 
become a Sodom of uncleanness and a, pest-house 
of iniquity." 

The Archbishop referred the letter to the 
Bishop of London, who called Charles Balti- 
more's attention to the subject, who, with great 
justice, replied: "The Act of It! IT, confirmed 
in 1()7(>, tolerates and protects every sect. Four 

ministers of the Church of England are in pos- 
session of plantations which afforded them a de- 



REV. MATTHEW HILL. L39 

cent subsistence. Thai Prom the various reli- 
gious tenets of the members of the Assembly, it 
would be extremely difficult, if noi impossible, 
to induce ii io consent t<> a law thai shall oblige 
any sect to maintain other ministers than its 

o\\ll." 

The lour " Protestant ministers of the ( !hurch" 
appear to have been 5Teo and Wilkinson, con- 
formists, and Doughty and Matthew Hill, non- 
comformists. The latter settled in Charles 
County in L669, and was a Presbyterian in his 
preferences. II<' was a native of Yorkshire, edu- 
cated at Magdalen College, and considered a 
good Hebrew scholar. Ordained as a minister 
of the Church of England, he preached al Thirsk 
until ejected in L662 for non-conformity. He 
was a quiet, judicious man, and retired to Lon- 
don, and there lost his all in the great lire. He 

subscribed one of his letters at this period, 
"Your brother, sine re, sine s|>c, tantum non 
sine se." He embarked lor the West Indies 
"witb a light cargo, a lew clothes, ;i Bible, a 
concordance, and a small parcel of manuscript," 
and appears to have come from thence with some 

Scotch people to Maryland. His fat her-in-law, 

Walter Bayne, entered :i trad of five thousand 
acres, called Barbadoes, on the east side of the 

main fresh run of Port Tobacco creek. He was 

useful and respected in bis neighborhood, ap- 
pearing on the records as Matthew Hill, gent., 



140 TERRA MARINE. 

and seems to have been opposed to the agita- 
tions of John Coode, and left the country. 1 

The colony was now greatly disturbed by reli- 
gious dissensions, the Church of England men 
longing for an establishment supported by law, 
and the Quakers and the Roman Catholics ad- 
vocating the protection of all. 

Lord Culpepper, Governor of Virginia, allud- 
ing to the condition of tilings in the adjoining 
colony, wrote: "Maryland is now in a ferment, 
and not only troubled with our disease — pov- 
erty — but in very great danger of falling in 
pieces; whether it be that the old Lord Balti- 
more's politic maxims are not followed by the 
son, or that they will not do in the present age, 
in a word, it is so far from being in a condition 
to assist us, that it is worthy your Lordship's 
prudence, to take care of Maryland."' 

In 1(>74 a petition was presented to the Colo- 
nial Assembly, signed by Richard Beard, the 
gentleman who made the first map of Annapolis, 
Wenlock Christerson, ami others, asking that 
they might be permitted to affirm, instead of 
taking the oath prescribed by law. About this 
time, also, John Cornman was condemned to die 
for witchcraft, used upon the body of Elizabeth 



1 Calamy says after lie was settled and had bright hopes, 
•• im'w troubles arose. He was a good scholar, a lively preacher, 
ami of a free and generous spirit." 



EDMUNDSON.— WILLIAM PENN. I I I 

G-oodall. Governor Calvert, on petition of the 
lower bouse of the Assembly, ordered a re 
prieve, "on condition that the Sheriff of St. 
Mary County convey him to the gallows, and 
that the rope being about bis neck, it be there 
made known to him how much he was indebted 
to the lower house for their intercessions, and 
that he should then be employed by the Gover- 
nor and Council in such service as they should 
think tit." 

Edruundson, who had been the companion of 
George Fox, three years after, made a second 
visit lo Maryland. 

Going in an open boat to the great Bay of 
A namessex, to visit friends there, lie was ex- 
posed to a cold storm, and stopped at an unin- 
habited island, where be stayed all night with no 
covering led a canvas sail. From thence, hop- 
ing lo find shelter, be Stood across the bay, but 
was out a day and night exposed to sleet and 

snow. Beaching Benjamin Lawrence's, on the 

Patuxent, he could not walk, but those that ac 

knowledged him as their Moses, furnished an 

Aaron and a 1 1 111% who stayed him up, one on 

the one side and the other on the other side, and 

after holding two meetings, he was lovingly 
borne back 1<> the boat, and proceeded on a mis- 
sion to Virginia. 

A Ron ol* Admiral lYnn, while a siudent at 

Oxford, listened to the preaching of a disciple 



142 TERRA MARLK. 

of Fox, and convinced that if there was " no 
cross" there could be "no crown," embraced 
the tenets of the " Society of Friends," and was 
expelled, not only from college, but from his 
father's house. 

Obtaining a charter from the King, he founded 
" a free colony for all mankind," which to this 
day bears his name. 

Shortly after his arrival at Philadelphia, the 
cultivated Penn proceeded to Maryland, and 
visited friends on West River. Charles Balti- 
more met him, with an escort of the Councillors 
of the colony, and Colonel Taillor, Deputy Sur- 
veyor-General, extended the hospitalities of his 
mansion at the -Ridge of Anne Arundel County. 

Penn from thence went back to William Rich- 
ardson's on West River, and attended a religious 
meeting at Thomas Hooker's, two miles distant. 

Subsequently, about the year 1700, while John 
Richardson was preaching at yearly meeting at 
Tredhaven, on the Eastern Shore, William Penn 
and Charles Lord Baltimore and wife arrived. 

Richardson describes the wife as " a notable, 
wise, natural and courteously-carriaged woman." 
She was much disappointed that the meeting 
was soon to close, and she told Penn that she 
did not wish to hear him, and such as he, for he 
was a scholar, but she would like to listen to the 
expositions of some of the unlearned mechanics 
and husbandmen. 



JOHN WILSON.— THOMAS STORY. 143 

In 1691, the good John Wilson, on his way 
from a mission to Virginia and Carolina, "after 
traveling all day, sat down in the dark of the 
evening to eat some bread and cheese." In his 
journal he writes : "We lodged that night in the 
woods, and as soon as the day broke, set forward 
on our journey northward, and met with two 
men, one of whom, being an ancient, comely 
man, kindly invited us to his house, where we 
stayed two nights, and had a meeting, though he 
was an elder among the Presbyterians. 

" He also lent us his boat to go over the Poto- 
mac, and that night we lodged at a poor man's 
house, and had no bed to lie on. We got next 
day over Pautuxent River." 

In 1699, Thomas Story, who was the Paul 
among the Friends of America, came from Phil- 
adelphia, teaching and preaching in the wilder- 
ness of Maryland. 

Receiving in England the education of a cava- 
lier, he was skilled in the arts of fencing and 
music, and a proficient in Greek and mathemati- 
cal studies. His early associations were with 
Hiffh Churchmen. The church he attended in 
youth, conformed to the minutest prescriptions 
of Laud. The minister in public prayer turned 
his face toward the east, and the congregation 
bowed the knee at the name of Jesus. His 
brother, moreover, was Chaplain of the Coun- 
tess of Carlisle. 



144 TERRA MARIJE. 

For a time he was zealous in the observance 
of rites, but before long questioned their propri- 
ety, and at length bounded over to the Society, 
which abnegated all ritualism. He emigrated 
to Pennsylvania, and being a lawyer by profes- 
sion, was made Master of the Rolls and Keeper 
of the Great Seal of the Colony, and subse- 
quently Mayor of the City of Philadelphia. 

After making a religious visit to Virginia, he 
crossed the Potomac at Cedar Point, and on 
arriving in Maryland, was politely entertained 
by William Herbert, a member of the Church of 
England, and then went to Cool Spring, 1 where 
many diseased people were, on account of the 
medicinal quality of the water, and he preached 
to them in a large tobacco house. Reaching the 
Patuxent at Benedict, he crossed, and visited 
Elizabeth Hutchins, at the Cliffs of Calvert. 
From thence he proceeded to Samuel Gallo- 
way's, 2 at the Ridge, whose wife was the only 
preacher in those parts. 



1 Among the early laws of the province, is "An act to pur- 
chase lands adjoining the fountains of healing waters, called 
the Cool Springs, and for building houses for the entertainment 
of such poor and impotent persons as shall repair thither for 
cure." 

2 The Galloways came to Maryland prior to 1640. Joseph 
Shippen, Secretary of Province of Pennsylvania, married, 
Sept, 29, 1768, Jane, daughter of John Galloway, of Ann 
Arundel Co., Maryland. 



DISCUSSION WITH HALL. 145 

On the twenty-seventh day of the third month, 
O.S., 1699, he attended yearly meeting at West 
River, in company with Dr. Griffith Owen, of 
Philadelphia. 1 On the thirtieth, his journal tells 
us, " came one Henry Hall, a priest of the 
Church of England, and with others of his no- 
tion, eaves-dropped the meeting, but came not 
in." Richard Johns, seizing a proper occasion, 
arose and pronounced the following Catholic 
confession of faith, a slight modification of the 
Apostles' Creed: 

"We believe that the Lord Jesus Christ, who 
was born of the Virgin Mary, being conceived 
by the promise and influence of the Holy Ghost, 
is the true Messiah or Saviour; that he died 
upon the cross at Jerusalem, a propitiation and 
sacrifice for the sins of all mankind ; that he 
rose from the dead on the third day, ascended, 
and seated on the right hand of the Majesty on 
high, making intercession for us; and in the full- 
ness of time shall come to judge both the living 
and the dead, and reward all according to their 
work.'' 

The priest dissatisfied, went off", but came the 
next day and eaves-dropped. 

"My companion, in his testimony, apprehend- 



1 Dr. Griffith Owen was much beloved by Penn. In his let- 
ters he calls him " tender Griffith Owen." He was skillful in 
his profession, and died mucli lamented, in 1717. 

13 



146 TERRA MABIM. 

ing they were within hearing'," continues Story, 
" cried aloud to them to come forth out of their 
holes, and appear openly like men, and if they 
had anything to say after meeting was over, they 
should be heard." 

Story then publicly challenged them to prove 
their call to the ministry, " which they taking 
upon them to do, only told us that Christ called 
apostles, and they ordained others, and they 
again others in succession to that time." 

" Then I called for their proof who they were 
that the apostles ordained, and who from age to 
age successors ordained, wherein if they justly 
failed they were to be rejected as no ministers of 
Christ, since they had rested the matter on such 
a succession. 

"Many of the people seeing their ignorance 
said : ' We'll pay you the tobacco, being obliged 
by law, that is forty pounds of tobacco for every 
negro slave, but we will never hear you more.' 

" While we were yet in the gallery one climbed 
up into a window, and cried out with a loud 
voice to Henry Hall, 'Sir, you have broken a 
canon of the Church, you have baptized several 
negroes, who, being infidels, baptism ought not 
to have been administered to them.' 1 



1 In 171o the Assembly enacted the following law: "Foras- 
much as many people have neglected to baptize their negroes, 
or to suffer them to lie baptized, on a vague apprehension that 



BAPTISM OF SLAVES. 147 

"At this the priest was enraged, but made no 
answer to the charge, only fumed and fretted, 
and threatened the man to trounce him. Then 
I observed to the people, that if these negroes 
were made Christians in this sense, members of 
Christ, children of God, inheritors of the King- 
dom of Heaven, received into the body of the 
Church of Christ, as the language is at the time 
of sprinkling, how could they now detain them 
longer as slaves ? 

" Several justices of the peace being ashamed of 
their priest, slid out of the meeting as unobserv- 
able as might be, and the people in general con- 
temned them as such, who behind the back of 
the Quakers had greatly reproached and belied 
them, but face to face were utterly subdued by 
them. That night several of the justices, lodging 
with our friend Samuel Chew, expressed their 
sentiments altogether in our favor, and that the 
priests were really ignorant men in matters of 
religion." 

At a later period Story made a tour on the 
Eastern Shore with Edward Shippen 1 and wife, 

negroes by receiving sacrament of baptism are manumitted or 
set free ; 

"Be it hereby further declared and enacted, that no negro, 
or negroes, by receiving the holy sacrament of baptism is there- 
by manumitted or set free, nor hath any right or title to manu- 
mission more than he or they had before, any law, usage, or 
custom to the contrary notwithstanding." 

1 Edward Shippen came to Boston in 1675, and was whipped 



lis TERRA mm;/ i'. 

Samuel Carpenter, 1 [saao Morris, 2 and tiiiiliili 
Owen. Ai Little Choptank he had ;i public dis 
oussion wiili ;i minister of the Church of Eng- 
land, :hkI from thence to Edward Fisher's, at 
Nanticoke, where ili< i King's attorney disputed 
with him. Crossing a1 :i ferry on the Pocomoke, 
the party arrived ai widow Mary Johnson's, on 



for bis opinions on the Common, and then moved to Philadel 
phia. Hi'' last wife was Ahum, Franoina, daughter of Matthiai 
Vanderheyden, near Bohemia River, Md. in 1706 1 1 i m daugh 
ter, Aim.i, was married '" Thomas Story. 

Gabriel Thomas, In an aooounl of the Province of Pennsy] 
vm 1 1 1 : i , |niiiii ihed ai I tondon, in 1 898, i i 

" Edward Shippey has an orchard and gardens adjoining in 
great house thai equalize any I have ever seen, baving ■< very 
pleasant and famous summer lioui e ereoted in the middle of his 

garden, '^ iding with tulips, pinks, carnation . pose , lilies, 

noi to mention those that grew wild In the fields." Tradition 
says !•»• was 'ii itinguished for three things, M being the biggei I 
man, and having the biggest hou o, and the biggest carriage in 
the plaoe." His grandson was Chief Justioe of Pennsylvania, 
whoso daughter wreoked hei elf, by marrying the traitor Bene 
die! Arnold 

\ n [3d ward Shippen, <»ni>. of his descendants, appears In the 
last Naval Register as =« surgeon U. S. N. 

1 Samuel Carpenter was considered ii"' wealthiest man In < li ;■ 

riiy. ii*- built iIk- I se thai William Penn oooupled when he 

visited the province, and is still standing, on Sen. mi above 
Walnut Streoti ii< i was Treasurer ot the provinoe, •* • ■ > < l died In 
1718 

''■ [saao Norris was Chief Justioe of the Provinoe of Pennsyl 
\:iin.i, and his house and garden oooupied the ground on Che ( 
mil and Fifth Streets, oom oooupied by ill" U, s. Custom bouse, 
Post ofhoo, and Philadelphia Library ( 



STORY VISITS EASTERN SHORE. \ \\) 

Muddy Creek, and on the nexl first day of the 
week there was preaching to a large congrega 
tion in the meeting-house. That nighl they all 
rode to the house of Thomas Fooks, 1 al Onan- 
eock, in A.ccomac County, Virginia, and the 
nexl morning started for Naswadoa Creek 
twenty-five miles below, in Northampton, and 
had a Large meeting at the meeting house. 

Returning to Muddy Creek, they rode from 
there to George Truitt's, 8 in Maryland, where 
they stayed ;in<l held :i meeting; then wenl to 
Walter Lane's, fifteen miles oil*, where the meel 
ing was small, ;i court being held at the same 
time. 

Wxi they were at Thomas Evernden's, al 
"Anomessicks," where they remained two days, 
and on the fourth day of the sixth month they 
came to Richard Waters' s, where the meeting 
"was hard and dry." Then proceeding to the 
bay, one of their number look a sloop for the 



1 Francis Makemie, the Presbyterian clergyman In the early 
days of the colony, used i<> preach 'ii the house of Thomas 
Fooks. 

J Naswadoa was * l * • -s residence <>r the Browni and Upshurs, 
Quakers, the anoe itors of A.be1 P. Upshur, once Secretary of the 

Navy. 

George Keith, In L701, published "An Occasional Conference 
wii li Thoma Up bare. 

8 George Truitt's was probably near Snow Hill. There still 
.•■I I- an «iiii Quaker grave-yard aboul i i v * • miles above that 
place, "M the road thai leads to Berlin 

L8" 



L50 



terra mm; /.i<;. 



Western Shore, and the real rode thirty miles i<> 
George Truitt's. The next day a journey of 
thirty-five miles was made to Cedar Creek, and 
the following morning crossed the inlet at At- 
kinson's, saving seven miles, and reached Lewes 
in the evening, and visited William Clarke^who 
w-;i\ ( > out notice for a meeting on the next day. 

In I7<>^ Samuel Bownas, <>!' England, the 
father in law of Joshua Nicholson, arrived al the 
Patuxent, on the twenty ninth day of the fifth 
month, O.S., and attended yearly meeting at 
Wesl River. 

This meeting had become one of the estab- 
lished institutions of the colony, ;in<l its annual 
occurrence w;is eagerly looked for by all classes 
and conditions of society. Y^oung men from all 

|»;irls of the colony flocked lliillier willi line 

horses to compare them, and give a tria] of their 

Speed; ol hers c;i iu< v iolook ;il ! lie I >e;i u I i I'll I :i 1 1 < 1 

pure-minded maidens, who in their plain drab 
silks and scooped bonnets, were only the more 
lovely in the eyes of their admirers. 

Families from different counties, rolled there 
in their carriages, for the purpose of social re 
unions; and merchants of the province came to 
make their bargains and contracts for the year. 



i William Clarke wm o lawyer, and afterward moved t«> Phila 
delphia, urid infill mii expensive house, oalled Clarke's Hall, 
which stood on the sue of the Girard Bank, nearly opposite the 
Philadelphia El sohange. 



YEARLY MEETING l\ MARYLAND, I., I 

h being near Whitsuntide, the black sla* 
flocked there to enjoy rest from the hardships <>f* 
w tobacco plantation, for ;i few days. Edmund 
son well observed : " 5Tearly meeting in Mary* 
land, many people resorl to it, and transact a 
deal of trade with one another, so thai if is a 
kind of markel or 'change, where the captains 
of ships, and the planters meet and settle their 
affairs, and this draws abundance of people." 

The crowds became o great in time, that it 
was aece sary to check the evil, and proted the 
quiel Friends by legislation. 1 



1 in L726 a protective law wa« enacted, with the following 
preamble : 

"Whereas, H i humbly represented to this Genera] Assem 
bly, by the people called Quaker thai sundry pei on et up 
booth and jell drinks and other thmr- near their yearly tneel 
whereby their places which were by then Intended and 
aged ■> places of solemn wor tip are converted into plao< 
traffic, debauchery, and immorality, •<> their rery great 
turbanoe in the exerci e of their religion and worship ol God, 
and forasmuch ;< the several methodt used tor the uppression 
of such irregularitiei have proved altogethei in uffi cient, it 1h 
hiimhly prayed that it may be enacted." 

in L 747 they again petitioned that, notwithstanding the i 
isting laws, "they, as well ai those of other pei uasioni who 
r to their yearly meetings, labor under and suffer many 
Inconveniences from tin- greal concourse of idle and proflig 
white people, and greai crowds of negroes, that assemble 
together ai the usual times of their yearly meetings, held ?it, 
their meeting*houses, drinking to excess, and behaving in a 
rude and turbulenf manner, ; ' ( booths and other places where. 
og and pirituoui drinki can be bad, and thai they have foi 



152 TERRA MARIM. 

As settlements were few, Edmundson neces- 
sarily traveled over the same route as his prede- 
cessors. 

The historian is under obligation to him, for 

it 7 

preserving an accounl of the Society of the fol- 
lowers of Labadie, 1 which once existed on the 
banks of Chester River. Early in August, 1702, 
wild a companion, he visited the settlement, 
and was courteously treated. 

tk When supper came in, it was placed upon a 
long table in a Large room, where, when all 

things were ready, about twenty men or upwards 

came in al a call, bu1 no women. 

"We all sat down, they placing me and my 
companion near the head of the table, and hav- 
ing paused a short space, one pulled oil* his hat, 

some years been put to very ureal incon venieucc, and endan- 
gered in passing and repassing to and from their said meeting- 
bouse in Talbot County, by multitudes Of rude and disorderly 
people, lliat gather together to run horse-races, on the road be- 
tween Talbot meeting-house and Thirdhaven Creek, near a 

plaee called New Market.'" 

The petition was answered by an enactment forbidding any 
one, during yearly meetings, to race horses within five miles of 
the meeting-houses at West River and in Talbot County. 

1 Jean de Labadie was born in L61G, and was a Jesuit. In 
L660 lie became a I'rolestanl, and settled at Mont a uban. lie 

then went to Geneva, and in L666 was invited i<> Middleburg, 

Holland, and the princess palatine, Elizabeth, became one of 
his followers. For his mysticism, he was deposed by the 
Synod Of Naarden. and he then founded the sect known ae 

Labadists. 



THE LABADISTS. L58 

but no1 the resl (ill a short space after; and then 
one after another fcbey all pulled fcheir hats off, 
and as thai occurred sal silent, uttered qo words 
thai we could bear for half or quarter of an bour; 
and as they did aot uncover al once, so did they 
neither cover again at once, but as they pul on 
their bate fell to eating, uot regarding those who 
were still uncovered, so that it might be two 
minutes' time or more between the firsl and lasl 
putting off 1 beir bats. 

"1 afterward queried with my companion con- 
cerning the reason of their conduct, and he gave 
for this answer thai they held it unlawful to pray, 
ill! they fell souk- inward motive for the pur- 
pose, and that secrel prayerwas more acceptable 
than to utter words. I likewise queried if they 
hud qo women among them. He told me they 
bad, but the women all by themselves; baving 
all things in common respecting their household 
affairs, so thai none could claim any more righl 
than another to any pari of the slock; all men, 
whether rich or poor, must pu1 what they had in 
the common slock, and Likewise if they had a 
mind to leave, they must go out empty-handed. 

"They frequently expound the Scriptures 
among themselves; and being a very large fam- 
ily, in all upward of one hundred men, women, 
and children, they carried on the manufacturing 
of linen, and had a very large plantation of com, 
tobacco, flax, and hemp, together with cattle of 
eral kinds." 



154 TERM A MAI! I.E. 

In many respects, resembling the Moravians, 
yet like the majority of communist organiza- 
tions, they were short-lived, and when Bownas, 
twenty-five years after, visited America, there 
was not a vestige left. During the second tonr 
he visited the lower counties of the Eastern 
Shore, going from Choptank to Nanticoke, cross- 
ing the Vienna Ferry to Mulberry- Grove, and 
from thence to the Widow Gale's at Monay. 
Then he journeyed to Annamessex and Virginia. 
"One Captain Drummond desired a meeting at 
his house. He was a Judge of the Court and 
sensible man." He went from thence to " Ed- 
ward Mifflin's, who was a firm and zealous 
elder," who took him in his boat across the Bay 
to Nansemond. 

The Church of England men, wincing from 
the logical arguments of Story's legal mind, 
through Sir Thomas Lawrence, the spendthrift 
Secretary of the colony, under Governor Nichol- 
son, complained of what they called his tart ex- 
pressions to the Lords of Trade and Plantations. 

William Penn being in England, his attention 
was called to the charges, and thus alludes to the 
matter in a letter to a friend : 

"A silly knight! Though I hope it comes of 
officious weakness, the talent of the gentleman, 
with some malice, matters there arc never at- 
tacked by Thomas Story, nor in irreverent 
tones. I never heeded it; only said that if the 



QUAKERS VALUABLE CITIZENS. L55 

gentleman had sense enough for his office, he 
might have known this tale was no part of it: 
that Thomas Story was discreet and temperate, 
and did not exceed in his retort or returns. 

"But 'tis children's play to provoke a combat, 
and then cry out that such a one beats them. 

" That I hoped they were not a committee of 
conscience and religion, and that it showed the 
shallowness of the gentleman, that played the 
busy-body in it." 

Never had the colony flourished so much as 
during the period when the Quakers were influ- 
ential. They were cleanly in their habits, indus- 
trious, intelligent, and domestic; not given to 
wine or brawling, and honest in their mercantile 
transactions. The Lloyds and others of the So- 
ciety had credit at London, and they exercised a 
powerful influence in bringing to the colony 
some of the best families in the land. Here 
Pemberton 1 and Richard Hill, Avho were among 
I Vnn's right-hand men, and others afterward 
prominently identified with the Pennsylvania 
Colony, first landed. 

The population, which in 1676 was estimated 
at twenty thousand, in 1704 was thirty-five thou- 



1 Pemberton became Surveyor-General of Pennsylvania, and 
one of his desct ndants was the Major-General who ho long with- 
stood General Grant at Vicksbnrg. 

Salisbury was laid out on the lands, that once belonged to a 
Widow Pemberton, who may have been of the same race. 



156 



TERRA MARIAS. 



sand; four thousand four hundred and seventy- 
five of which were slaves. 

The annual income of Lord Baltimore from 
the ground rents now exceeded ten thousand 
dollars, and was rapidly increasing. 




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CHAPTER FIFTH. 



BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 




HE appointment of Fendall as Governor 
of the colony, after the compromise 
with the Parliament Commissioners, 
was soon regretted by Cecil Baltimore. 

The Assembly convened at Thomas Gerard's, 
on February twenty-eighth, 1659, and the lower 
house, on March the first, adjourned to Robert 
Slye's, and on the twelfth of the month ad- 
dressed the following note : 

"To the Honorable the Governor and Council : 

"That this Assembly of Burgesses, judging 
themselves to be a lawful assembly, without de- 
pendence on any other power in the province 
now in being, is the highest court of judicature. 
And if any objection can be made to their con- 
tinuing, we desire to hear it." 

The next clay Governor Fendall replied, that 
he thought it had been the intention of the 
King, when he gave the patent to Lord Balti- 
more, that the freemen of the province should 
make their own laws, provided they conformed 

N (157) 



158 TERRA MARINE. 

to reason, and the statutes of England. Gerard 
and CTtye, with the Governor, assented to the 
position of the lower house, and it was then de- 
clared that the upper house should no longer sit 
as a distinct body. 

Fendall was immediately elected President, 
and he and his councillors accepted new commis- 
sions from the Assembly, as the source of power. 

During this period, active efforts were made 
to absorb the Dutch settlements on the Dela- 
ware. De Vries and others had planted colonies 
on the banks of that river, long before Balti- 
more sought for a patent. The Dutch were 
first at Hoarkill, now Lewistown. In 1623 Fort 
Nassau, near Gloucester, N". J., was built; and 
ten years later, Corsen went from thence, in 
company with Augustine Heerman and others, 
and purchased of the Indians the site of Phila- 
delphia, and erected near the mouth of the 
Schuylkill, Fort Beversrede. 

In 1635, fourteen or fifteen persons, under 
Capt. George Holmes, from Maryland or Vir- 
ginia, seized Fort Nassau, but subsequently were 
captured by the Dutch, taken to Manhattan, and 
sent to Virginia. 1 Seven years afterward, the 
English from Maryland took possession near the 
mouth of the Schuylkill, and the sloops Real 
and St. Martin were sent from Manhattan to 
assist in dislodging them. 2 

1 De Vries. 2 Acrelius. 



DELAWARE SETTLEMENTS. 159 

In 1656, the burgomasters of Amsterdam de- 
termined to garrison New Amstel, or New Cas- 
tle, and a company of soldiers were dispatched, 
under Captain Creager and Lieutenant Alexan- 
der DTIyniossa, who had long served in Brazil. 
They arrived at the Delaware in the following 
May, and Captain Creager shortly after visited 
Kent Island, and there learned that the authori- 
ties of Maryland were becoming jealous of their 
increasing numbers. In the year 1659, the 
trading ports of the Dutch were at Iloarkill 
(Lewes), New Amstel (New Castle), and Passay- 
ung (Philadelphia), and Governor Feudal] sent 
Colonel Nathaniel Utye to command them to 
depart forthwith from his Lordship's province. 

The New Netherlander were surprised at the 
tone of this dispatch, and sent two of their best 
men, Augustine Heerman and Resolved Wal- 
dron, to confer with the Maryland authorities. 
Reaching Kent Island on October third, they 
passed the night at Capt. Wickes', and on the 
seventh were at Billingsly's Plantation, on the 
Cliffs, and then went to Coursey's, on the Patux- 
ent, and leaving their boat, walked nine miles to 
Philip Calvert's, the Secretary of the colony, and 
after a brief visit, went to the house of Overzee, 
the next neighbor, and a fellow-countryman of 
the Commissioners, to lodge. 

On the next Sunday, the Commissioners, with 
Mr. Overzee, dined with Philip Calvert, and on 



160 TERRA MARINE. 

the sixteenth went to Mr. Bateman's, on the 
Patuxent, twenty miles distant, to meet the 
Council of the colony. A dinner party was 
here given to the strangers. At the table, Heer- 
man sat on the left of Gov. Fendall, and Philip 
Calvert on the right, and Mr. Waldron next. 
After dinner, the Commissioners presented a 
paper to the Council, recounting the various 
steps they had taken in settling the Delaware, 
and stated that they had maintained friendly 
correspondence with Virginia and Maryland un- 
til the eighth of September, 1659, when Col. 
Nat. Utye came to South Kiver into the town 
and Fort New Amstel, and in a commanding 
manner and strange way, demanded that the 
place and country should be delivered up ; and 
then concluded with "wishing God Almighty to 
conduct them to all prudent results, so that we 
may live neighborly together." 

In the course of the discussion, Utye lost his 
temper, and the Governor was obliged to inter- 
pose. In the evening, harmony appears to have 
been restored, as it passed in taking a glass of 
wine and general conversation. 

The visit of the Commissioners did not tend 
to the solution of the questions in dispute, and 
the next year Capt. James Neale, of Maryland, 
as the attorney of Lord Baltimore, appeared be- 
fore the directors of the West India Company, 
in Amsterdam, to urge the claims of the pro- 
prietor. 



VIRGINIA BOUNDARY. 161 

In the year 1661, Edmund Scarburgh, 1 John 
Elzey, and Randall Pouell were authorized to 
induce settlers from the peninsula of Virginia to 
dwell in the valley of the Pocomoke and adjoin- 
ing territory. In a few months, settlements were 
begun at Manokin and Annamessex. Scarburgh 
at length claimed that the country was a part of 
Virginia, arrested Elzey, and constrained the 
settlers to acknowledge Virginia jurisdiction. 

These acts were disclaimed by Berkeley, and 
Philip Calvert on the part of Maryland, and 
Scarburgh as Surveyor General of Virginia, on 
the twenty-fifth of July, 1668, agreed upon a 
boundary, an east line from the extreme part of 
the most western angle of Watkins Point over 
Pocomoke River, and thence over Swansecute's 
Creek into the marsh of the seaside. The south- 
ern boundary of the Eastern Shore being settled 
by agreement, encouragement was given to set- 
tlements near Lewes, on Delaware Bay, and Col. 
Win. Stevens was authorized to induce emi- 
grants to take up land in that vicinity. 

In the year 1663 a report was brought to 
Beeckman, one of the Dutch officers on the 



1 Scarburgh, from the year 1G30, had been prominent as a 
representative of Accomac County, Va. His daughter married 
Custis, formerly an innkeeper at Rotterdam, and the ancestor 
of the first husband of Mrs. George Washington. 

Judge George P. Scarburgh, formerly of U. S. Court of 
Claims, now of Norfolk, Va., is a descendant. 

14* 



L62 TERRA UARIM. 

Delaware, that Charles Calvert, G-overnor of 
Maryland, was aboul bo visit Altona, and find- 
ing "that licic on the river not a single draughl 
of French wine is obtainable," requests Stuy- 
vesanl to send him some from Manhattan to 
l real I he nobleman. 

()n the ninlli of A.ugu s t Calvert visited New 
Ainslcl mid A.ltona, with an escorl of twenty-six 
or seven persons, and, with Vjm Swerin^en as 
Commissioner on the pari of the Dutch, renewed 
I he treaty with the [ndians. 

Be was very favorably impressed by the kind 
conduct of the Dutchmen, and with the besl feel 
ing returned to Maryland, expressing his inten- 
tion to visif Boston next spring, by the way of 
Manhattan. 

Early in L664, while England and Holland 

were at peace, a squadron, under Colonel ISTichols, 
was fitted out by the Duke of York to reduce 
New Netherlands. I>'I [yniossa senl word to Stuy- 
vesant, at Manhattan, that he would send him 

five thousand pounds of powder if needed, lo aid 

in the defense of the settlements, but all efforts 

were useless, and the whole province was soon 

subdued, Sir Roberi ( larr visiting the settlements 
on Hie Delaware River and compelling them to 
surrender. 

Eeerman, Van Sweringen, and others then re- 
tired, and became good citizens of the Maryland 
( Jolonv. 



A L i:X. I ND ER D'R FNIOSS. I . L68 

There is still preserved the following letter 
from D'Hyniossa, late Director a1 New Castle, 
written from the house of Captain Thomas 
Howell, a1 Sainl Marys, to Colonel Nichols, who 
became G-overnor of New Netherland, now 

known as New York : 

" Your honor's very agreeable answer to my 
letters came safely here, and I leaim Prom it thai 

your honor is sorry for my loss. [f your honor 

would please to console me therein ii can be 
done by [giving me] the rest of my losi estate, 
and could I gel it back I am resolved to live 
under your honor's government, yea, on the 
same conditions that I had from the City of Am- 
sterdam ; meanwhile, should your bonor incline 

thereunto the answer should he sent to me at 

Captain Thomas Howell's, in Maryland, where 
I shall still remain twoorthree months. Should 
these not be accepted by your honor, I would 
hereby respectfully requesl you to ^cwd me a 
letter under your honor's band to bis Highness 
the Duke of York, in order that I may take oc- 
casion toapplyin London to his Highness afore- 
said on t he subject/' 

NTichols paid no attention to this respectful pe- 
tition, but on April the tenth, 1666, in a com- 
munication to the Home Government, recom- 
mended that D'Hyniossa's Island, in the Delaware 
River, be given to Sir Robert Carr, in apprecia- 
tion of the services rendered in the reduction. 



164 TERRA MARINE. 

and shortly after D'Hyniossa was settled on Fos- 
ter's Island, in the Chesapeake, attached to Tal- 
bot County, while Augustine Heerman, since 
1660, had been the owner of Bohemia Manor. 1 

In the Grenville Library is the only map ever 
made by Faithorne, an artist distinguished for 
crayon portraits and delicate copper-plate en- 
graving. On it is this statement: " Virginia 
and Maryland; as it is planted and inhabited 
this present year 1670 : surveyed and drawn by 
Augustus Hermann Bohemiensis;" also a beauti- 
ful portrait of the original settler of Bohemia 
Manor. 

In 1671 a person by the name of Jones, with 
others from Somerset County, surprised Lewis- 

1 In 1666 Augustine "Harman, of Prague, in the Kingdom 
of Bohemia," petitioned the Maryland Assembly for the natu- 
ralization of himself, his sons Ephraim, Georgius, Casparus, 
and his daughters Anna, Margaritta, Judith, and Francina. 

In 1671 Alexander D'Hyniossa, of Foster's Island, of the 
County of Talbot, asked that he, and Margaritta, his wife, and 
Alexander, John, Peter, Maria, Johanna, Christina, and Bar- 
bara might be naturalized. This old soldier afterward re- 
turned to Holland, and engaged in the war with Louis the 
Fourteenth. 

An examination of the laws of Maryland shows that among 
others at this period, from 1666 to 1684, the following were 
naturalized: John Jarbo, of Dijon, France, Peter Bayard, Arnol- 
dus De la Grange, Desjardins, Nicholas Fountaine, of Somerset, 
William Blakenstein, of St. Mary, De Costa, Han Hanson, Cor- 
nelius Comegys, Axel Stille, Jacobson, Erickson, Peterson, Le 
Count, Garret Van Swearingen. 



DEATH OF CECIL BALTIMORE. 165 

town, on the Delaware, and Governor Lovelace, 
of New York, who claimed jurisdiction, remon- 
strated. 

On the nineteenth of November, 1675, Lord 
Cecil Baltimore died, and Governor Charles Cal- 
vert being heir, went to England. Returning in 
1681, he discovered that Fendall was again rest- 
less. In a letter to the Earl of Anglesea, dated 
July the nineteenth, he writes: "Some ill-dis- 
posed persons here, have been tampering to 
stir up the people of Maryland, and the northern 
part of Virginia to mutiny, but having notice of 
the chief contrivers of the design, I gave orders 
to apprehend Josias Fendall and John Coode, 
two rank Baconists." 

The controversy concerning the right to a por- 
tion of the west shore of the Delaware, was now 
transferred from the New Netherlands, to one of 
Baltimore's own countrymen, a man who was 
his peer in birth, education, pecuniary resources, 
and court influence. 

As soon as Penn arrived in America he pro- 
posed a conference with Lord Baltimore relative 
to boundaries. The meeting took place in De- 
cember, 1682, at the Ridge of Ann Arundel. 
Penn perceiving an amanuensis taking notes of 
all that was said, without any previous agree- 
ment, called the attention of Baltimore to the 
matter, who assured him that what was uttered, 
would not be divulged. The promise, however, 



166 TERRA MAUI. I). 

was forgotten, and as a copy of the proceedings 
were never submitted to him for revision, Penn 
called it an "unfair practice." 

The following spring the two Proprietaries 
had a second conference at New Castle, which 
was more satisfactory. Baltimore wanted to talk 
privately, bu1 Penn desired everything done in 
council and in writing. The former at last 
evaded the whole subject, by saying "he was not 
well, and the weather sultry," and asking a post- 
ponement. 

Before the second meeting Baltimore had 
issued a proclamation granting lands to settlers 
around Lewistown. Penn did not know it, until 
after the conference at New Castle, and procur- 
ing a copy of the proclamation, sent messengers 
to Maryland to ask an explanation. 

At first Baltimore denied any knowledge of 
the proclamation, then turning to two gentlemen 
of his council who stood by, he asked them if 
they remembered any such thing? They also 
denied it, "Upon which," says Penn, "the per- 
sons I sent produced the attested copy, which 
refreshing their memories, they confessed. But 
the Lord Baltimore told them that it was his 
ancient form, and he only did it to renew his 
claim, not that he would encourage any to plant 
there. Then they prayed him to call it in, lest 
any trouble should ensue, but he refused it." 

On the seventeenth of September, 1683, Charles 



TALBOT'S INCURSION. Lt>7 

Baltimore commissioned bis "dear cousin," Col- 
one] George Talbot, to repair "to the Skulkill, 
at Delaware," and demand all the land lying on 
the wesl side of Delaware River south of the 
fortieth degree of latitude. 

AJbout five miles from New Castle Talbot 
erected a small fort, and refused to depart, say- 
ing that he would kill all that should attempt to 
destroy the block-house. In reply to Talbot's 
demands, Penn prepared an able paper,in which 
be said thai Charles Lord Baltimore "hath sent 
me letters of a very coarse style, such as indeed 
could not be answered without those terms, which 
unbecome those in public stations." 

William Penn, on the eighth ol* June, L684, 
writes from Philadelphia to the Duke of York, 
in allusion ioTalhofs incursion, and Baltimore's 
departure for England : 

u How far these practices will please the King 
or Duke if is qoI lit for me to say, bu1 if nol mis- 
taken 1 shall be able to make evident by law lie 
bath almost cancelled Ids allegiance to the King 
herein, and exposed himself to his mercy for all 
he hath in this world. 

"I hear be is gone for England, and was so 
just as to invite me, by a letter in March, de- 
livered in the end of A.pril, informing me thai 
toward the end of March he intended for Eng- 
land. This was contrived that he might get the 
start of me, that making an inter< a before I 



lt>8 TERRA MARIJS. 

arrived, he might block up my way and carry 
the point. But such arts will never do where 
there is no matter to work upon, which I am 
abundantly satisfied they will not, they cannot, 
hud in the Duke, with whom I know he hath 
great reason to ingratiate his cause. I am fol- 
lowing him as fast as I can." 

Charles Baltimore hastened to England under 
many apprehensions, for it was the first time 
since the family was ennobled that the Proprie- 
tor of the colony had not powerful friends at 
Court. Charles the Second was disposed to re- 
strict rather than concede privileges, not only 
requiring that the officers of the colony should 
be Protestants, but complaining of opposition to 
the collectors of the customs in the execution of 
their duty, "after the many favors which had 
been heaped upon him and his father." 

His affairs were rendered still more complica- 
ted by an occurrence in 1684: Christopher Rous- 
by was the King's Collector-General in Mary- 
land, and Colonel Talbot, Baltimore's cousin, 
coming on board of his Majesty's ketch, the 
Quaker, at the capes of Virginia, approached 
Rousby in a friendly manner, and taking a favor- 
able opportunity, stabbed and killed him. The 
captain of the vessel immediately seized and 
ironed Talbot. When the intelligence reached 
the Council of Maryland they deputed two of 
their body to demand his delivery. The captain 



BOUNDARY DISPUTES. 169 

asked in whose name the requisition was made, 
and they replied in that of Lord Baltimore. But 
he refused to deliver his prisoner to any but the 
King's justices, and as they persisted in saying 
that the Proprietor was their king, he sailed 
away, and Talbot was taken to Virginia, tried in 
April, 1686, and found guilty of murder, but the 
next year was pardoned by the King. 

Upon Baltimore's arrival in England, James 
the Second was on the throne, and although 
the Proprietary was a Roman Catholic, Edward 
Petre, a Jesuit, the friend and confessor of the 
King, proved an opponent. The Proprietor of 
Pennsylvania after a few months, also appeared 
in England, and both were for some time busy 
in collecting evidence by which they might 
strengthen their claims. 

Frequently they came before the Committee 
of Plantations, and in the journal of its proceed- 
ings is the following entry, dated October the 
seventeenth, 1685: 

"My Lord Baltimore and Mr. Penn were 
called in, and my Lord Baltimore having under- 
taken to procure an authenticated copy of a re- 
port made by the Committee for Foreign Planta- 
tions on the fourth day of April, 1638, touching 
the differences between my Lord Baltimore's 
predecessors and William Clayborne about the 
Isle of Kent, my Lord Baltimore declared he 
cannot find the original, whereby an attested 

15 



170 TERRA MARJjE. 

copy may be produced ; their Lordships agree 
to report their opinion that the tract of land now 
in dispute does not belong to my Lord Balti- 
more." At a subsequent meeting in November 
they declared, "that for avoiding further diffi- 
culty the tract of land lying between the River 
and Bay of Delaware, and the Eastern Sea on 
the one side, and Chesapeake Bay on the other, 
be divided into two equal parts by a line from 
the latitude of Cape Henlopen to the fortieth 
degree of northern latitude ; and that one-half 
thereof lying between the Bay of Delaware and 
the Eastern Sea be adjudged to belong to his 
Majesty, and that the other half remain to the 
Lord Baltimore as comprised within his charter. " 
Matters here rested until 1732, when negotia- 
tions were renewed, and the controversy was not 
finally settled until July the fourth, 1760, when 
Frederick Lord Baltimore, and Richard and John 
Penn perfected terms of agreement. 




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CHAPTER SIXTH. 

REVOLUTION OF 1689 ESTABLISHED CHURCH 

OF THE COLONY, AND PRESBYTERIANISM. 

ITTTS OATES, once a worthless clergy- 
man of the Church of England, and 
subsequently an inmate of a Jesuit 
College on the Continent, constructed an alarm- 
ing fiction, that the Pope had intrusted the Gov- 
ernment of England to the Jesuits, who had ap- 
pointed priests and Roman Catholic noblemen 
and gentlemen to all the highest offices in 
Church and State, and among his black list of 
conspirators was included the name of Charles 
Lord Baltimore. 1 

In addition to the opposition of Father Petre, 
the Proprietary was obliged to bear the odium 
of this calumny among the populace. As he 
rode to and from the meetings of the Committee 
of Trade and Plantations, to discuss the bound- 
ary question with William Peun, he could see 
the excited crowd talking about Oates, now on 



1 Hep worth Dixon's Penn. 



(1U) 



172 TERRA MARIJS. 

trial at Westminster Hall, whose short neck, 
purple cheeks, low forehead, and crooked legs, 
stamped him as a villain of the lowest order. 

Two years later, James determined to destroy 
the charter of Maryland, and the Attorney-Gen- 
eral was ordered to prepare a quo-warranto, 
which was hindered by a change of dynasty. 

In the midst of the political dissensions which 
arose, and led to the Revolution of 1689, Balti- 
more from conviction sided with the Jacobites, 
against the Prince of Orange. But it is said 
that he immediately gave in his adherence to 
William and Mary, after the flight of James, 
and dispatched orders to have their accession to 
the throne proclaimed by his deputies. These 
instructions never seemed to have arrived — not, 
at least, until the new sovereigns had been joy- 
fully recognized in the sister colonies. More- 
over, when the authorities heard of the invasion 
of England by the Prince of Orange, they had 
deemed it expedient to gather the public arms, 
scattered in the different counties, and impris- 
oned several persons, who were accused of at- 
tempts to excite disturbance. The motives for 
these acts by aspirants for power, were greatly 
distorted. 

The watchword of the dominant party in Eng- 
land was "No Popery," and a few artful dema- 
gogues in the Province of Maryland echoed the 
cry, and industriously worked upon the passions 



JOHN GO ODE. 173 

and fears of the scattered and ignorant planters. 
It is possible, 

"Some truth there was, but dash'd and brew'd with lies." 1 

By a singular coincidence, the head of the 
revolution in Maryland was John Coode, who, 
like Titus Oates, had been ordained as a minis- 
ter of the Church of England, but was wholly 
destitute of character and respectability. Said 
a cotemporary: "It will be an extraordinary 
thing when these governments are without such 
sort of persons as Coode, who I think is a demo- 
cratic Ferguson in principles of government; an 
Hobbist or worse in principles of religion. It 
was his maxim, ' If much dirt is thrown, some 
of it will stick.'" 2 

About the middle of March, 1689, a false re- 
port was circulated, that the Indians were at the 
head of the Patuxent with hostile intentions, 
and on this pretext Coode and his associates, de- 
manded arms and ammunition of the authori- 
ties, which were readily granted. 

Although it was soon ascertained that there 
was not the slightest truth in the rumor, the less 
intelligent had become suspicious, and every 
night those that were devout, prayed to be deliv- 
ered from the tomahawk of the savage and their 
Papal coadjutors. 

1 Dryden. 2 Gov. Nicholson, in Chalmers. 

15* 



174 TERRA MM! I.E. 

In April was formed "An association in arms 
for the defence of the Protestanl religion, and 
for asserting the rights of King William and 
Queen Mary to the Province of Maryland and 
all the English dominions," of which Coocle was 
the Leading spirit; and a pamphlet was issued 
from the press 1 of Richard Cuthead, at Saint 
Mary's, Idled with the most reckless charges 
against the Proprietary and his deputies. 

On the sixteenth of July, a messenger came 
to Henry Darnall, 2 at Mattapany, one of the 
councillors of the colony, and stated that Coode 
was raising an armed force on the Potomac. 
Colonel Digges, of Saint Mary's, gathered to- 
gether one hundred men to resist those that 
were marching toward the place; but he was 
compelled by the superior numbers of Coode to 
surrender the town and records. 

The factionists, taking some cannon out of a 
ship from London, that was in the river, pro- 

1 The first printing press and earliesl pamphlet published in 
I In- province. 

2 Davis, in " Day-shir of Freedom," says: "The Darnalls, of 
London, arrived about twenty years before the Protestanl Rev- 
olution. Colonel Henry Darnall, the emigrant, was the son of 
Philip Darnall, and a kinsman of Lord Baltimore. He resided 
at the 'Wood Yard,' in Prince G-eorge County, and at a later 
period at Portland Manor, in Anne Arundel. His tombstone is 
at the Wood Yard. The vane upon the housetop, the wain 
scottcd wall, the other relics and memorials relating to the era 
of the Darnalls, are all preserved with the most studious care. 1 ' 



MATTAPANY GIVEN UP. 175 

ceeded to Mattapany, the Governmenl House, 
which was near to the brick mansion thai had 
been built by Lord Charles Baltimore for a resi- 
dence, and demanded its delivery. To keep 
awake the fears of their adherents, the leaders 
of the insurgents employed a man to ride up 
post-haste, with a letter stating that the neigh- 
boring [ndians had cu1 their corn and. disap- 
peared from their villages, and that an English- 
man had been found disemboweled. After Mat- 
tapany was given up, the Council of Maryland 
endeavored to send a letter by a ship captain to 
London, Inil he declined to be the bearer. A 
summons was now sent by the successful party 
to the freemen of the province to elect bur- 
gesses for an Assembly. The men of note, and 
men of estate, disregarded the demand. "The 
County of Ann Arundel, which IS accounted 
the most populous, and richesl ol* the whole 
province, and wherein is but one Papisi family, 
unanimously stood out, and would noi elect any 
burgesses." 1 On the third ol* Augusl the Assem- 
bly met, at the bouse of Philip Lynes, at the 
head of* Britton Hay, and Michael Taney, 2 the 
Sheriff of Calvert County, was brought before 
them on the third of September, and imprisoned 



1 Narrative of Mrs. .Smith. 

2 Michael Taney was the ancestor of the late Chief Justice 

of the United States. 



176 TERRA MAR1M. 

at Charlestown, because he would not acknowl- 
edge their authority. 

Jacob Leisier, alarming the fanatical Protest- 
ants of New York Colony, about the same time, 
overturned that Government, and frequent cor- 
respondence was had with Coode. 

Leisier, on the twenty-fifth of August, in- 
formed Governor Treat, of Connecticut, that 
one man had arrived in New York who affirmed 
that, "at the head of Patapsque," there were 
murdered, ten days before, whole families — one 
woman only escaping, and that it was found out 
by their habits that they were Canada Indians. • 

On the eighteenth of September, the Assem- 
bly of Maryland proposed mutual correspond- 
ence with that of New York. Capt. William 
Harris, one of the delegates, bore the letter, and 
the proposition was heartily embraced. 

Coode, on the twenty-fifth of November, wrote 
to Leisier : " I believe our great men of this 
province, some of yours and New England, were 
a cabal, and held a correspondence against the 
Protestant interest, as it was, and is the en- 
deavors of the Papist world ; beside which ob- 
servation we made before our motion here, from 
several and frequent messages from your parts 
hither, especially to the priests, who have always 
been the chief sharers of the management of in- 
trigues, against the Protestants. 

"Three of our Popish governors are lied — 



MURDER OF JOHN PAINE. 177 

Darnall, Josephs, 1 and Sewall ; 2 we have two 
only in custody— one Pye, 3 and Hill; 1 which 
three had a design toward your parts. They 
have with them a small yacht and brigantine; if 
they be not retaken — we have sent after them — 
we desire you will please to he as kind as cir- 
cumstances will permit." 

The excitement was increased at this time by 
Sewall's servants killing John Paine, who had 
succeeded Rousby, the King's collector, who 
had been murdered by Talbot. They were im- 
mediately seized, tried, and executed. 

Kenelm Cheseklyn, Speaker of the Assembly, 
on April third, 1690, expresses "their sorrow at 
the massacre of Schenectady," and also informs 
Leisler, that they have voted speedy aid and as- 
sistance; and a few weeks later, Wm. Blanken- 



1 William Josephs was President of the Council. His ae 
ciates were Henry Darnall, Nicholas Sewall, William Burg 
father-in-law of Sewall; Colonel Talbot, cousin of Baltimore; 
William Digges, John Darnall, Thomas Taillor, of the Ridge of 
Anne Arundel; Vincent Lowe, Surveyor-General; William Ste- 
vens, and Clement Hill, Deputy Commissioner. 

2 Near the mouth of the Patuxent, originally dwelt the Mat- 
tapanients, and here the Jesuits erected a storehouse, which 
was subsequently given to Henry Sewall by tin- Proprietary. 
His widow Jane, Charles Lord Baltimore married, and at this 
point, says Oldmixon, he built a house, "for oonveniepce 
rather than magnificence." Nicholas Sewall, a step-son of 
Lord Baltimore, is the one alluded to by Ooode. 

'■' Probably Pyle, a prominent Roman Catholic of that day. 
" Clement Hill. 



178 TERRA MA RIM. 

st ciii and Amos Nicholls wore appointed Agents 
for Maryland, to reside at New York. 

King William expressed his approbation of 
the acts of the Protestant associators, and au- 
thorized the leaders to continue as officers ad in- 
terim. Lord Baltimore was also outlawed, but 
in 1691 the King reversed the decree, while he 
deprived him of the political administration of 
the province. 

Lyonel Copley, on April ninth, 1G92, appeared 
before the Assembly of Maryland, with a royal 
commission, and was immediately recognized as 
Governor. 

One of the first steps taken, was to abolish the 
law protecting all classes of Christians, enacted 
in the days of the English civil war; and in an 
act entitled, "For the service of Almighty God, 
and the establishment of the Protestant relig- 
ion," passed in 1692, and in another law of the 
year 1694, the Church of England was made the 
established church of the colony, and the privi- 
lege of public worship was not allowed to Roman 
Catholics. The Assembly of the year 1695 an- 
nulled the acts of the two previous years, and in 
1696, it was enacted, that the Church of England 
in the colony, should enjoy all the rights estab- 
lished by law in the Kingdom of England, in all 
matters, not provided for by the laws of the 
province. The Quakers sent an agent to Eng- 
land, to prevent the approval of such partial 



OSTRACISM OF CATHOLICS. 179 

legislation, and in 101)9 the law was annulled by 
the order of the Council of Greal Britain, and 
it was a hitter pill to swallow, for bigoted Church 
of England men in the colony, that a < Quaker 
should have been appointed the hearer of the 
dispatch, conveying the intelligence. 

Not only Quakers, but Roman Catholics, were 
beginning to he ostracised, as the following ad- 
dress of the Assembly of 1697 to the Governor 
will clearly show : 

"Upon reading a certain Idler from a rever- 
end minister of the Church of England, com- 
plaining to your Excellency, how that the Popish 
priests in Charles County do of their own ac- 
cord, in this violent and raging mortality in that 
County, make it their business to go up and 
down the country to persons' houses when 
dying, and phranticke, and endeavor to seduce 
and make proselytes of them, and in such con- 
dition boldly presume to administer the sacra- 
ments to them; we have put it to the vote in this 
house, if a law shall be made to restrain such, 
their presumption, and have concluded not to 
make such law at present, but humbly to entreat 
your Excellency, that you would he pleased to 
ise ue your proclamation, to restrain and prohibit 
such, their extravagant and presumptuous be- 
havior." 

In 1700, however, a law was passed "prohib- 
iting the extravagant behavior" of all, hut one 



180 TERRA MARINE. 

sect, which met the approval of the King, requir- 
ing the Church of England to be the established 
church, and to be supported by general taxa- 
tion. The law was totally opposed to the spirit 
that had prevailed in the colony relative to relig- 
ion, and every fair-minded man in this tolerant 
age is sure to adopt the opinion of a minister 
of the Church of England, and a chaplain of 
Queen Victoria, who in analyzing it has said, "it 
contravened not only the statutes of William, 
but the toleration act of 1689; it violated the 
unalterable principles of justice." 1 

It was robbed of some of its harshest features, 
however, by its first operations having been 
superintended by a truly good man, the Rev. Dr. 
Thomas Bray, who, from a desire to see Chris- 
tianity planted in the distant settlements of the 
Xew World, had at home established a Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel in the Planta- 
tions. Visiting Annapolis, he passed the year 
1700 in becoming acquainted with their spiritual 
destitutions, and returned to England to plead, 
with a facile pen and burning heart, for paro- 
chial libraries, and an earnest ministry for those 
of his emigrant countrymen who knew not God. 
By his influence mainly, Evan Evans, 2 Jacob 



1 Anderson, in Hist, of Colonial Churches. 

2 Evans was a Welshman, first, settled in Philadelphia, at 
Christ Church, afterwards Rector of St. George's Parish, in 
Harford County. He died in 1721. 



CHURCH OF ENGLAND MINISTERS. 181 

Henderson, 1 and others, became rectors and an 
honor to religion; while many emigrated, who 
were drones in the hive, and seemed more anx- 
ious to secure the pound of tobacco mention ed 
in the bond, than to win souls for a better world. 
During the eighteenth century, there were 
several quiet, unobtrusive colleagues who did 
what they could to elevate mankind; Brogden, 2 
Cradock, 3 Eversfield, 4 whose names are still pre- 

1 Jacob Henderson was born in Ireland ; was settled in 
Dover, Del. In 1712 came to the Patuxent, and married the 
widow of Mareen Duval. He built what was called Hender- 
son's Chapel. In 1710 was appointed, by the Bishop of Lon- 
don, Commissary on the Western Shore of Maryland. The next 
year he was Rector of Queen Anne's Parish, in Prince George's 
County. In 1729 the Bishop of London made him Commissary 
for the whole province. At times irascible, he was honest, godly, 
and useful, and died in 1751. Colonel Henderson, of the Marine 
Corps, and the wife of Gen. Lingan, were descendants. 

2 William Brogden was the son of a tobacco factor, who lived 
on the Patuxent, in Calvert County. He became a Deacon in 
1735, and was ordained in England. Was Rector of All Hal- 
lows Parish, Ann Arundel County. In 17ol he succeeded Rev. 
Jacob Henderson, in Queen Anne's Parish, Prince George 
County. He died in 1770. 

'■'• Thomas Cradock came from England in 17 1:2. and was Rec- 
tor of St. Thomas's Parish, in Baltimore County. Dr. Allen, 
to whose sketches in Sprague I am indebted for a part of the 
material of these notes, says be was a fine scholar, and in 1758 
published a version of the Psalms. He died in 1770. 

4 John Eversfield came from England in 1727. Rector of St. 
Paul's Parish, Prince George County. Near fourscore years 
of age; died in 1780. 

A descendant, Charles Eversfield, is Surgeon in U. 8. Navy. 

16 



182 TERRA MAR1JB. 

served, and two, Bacon and Boucher, who were 
marked for superior mental ability, whose publi- 
cations every Marylander, or son of a Mary- 
lander, will always peruse with interest. 

Thomas Bacon was a native of the Isle of 
Man, and was educated by the celebrated Bishop 
Wilson, in whose diocese, his birthplace was sit- 
uated. In the autumn of 1745 he came to Ox- 
ford, in Talbot County, and became the assistant 
of the Rev. Samuel Maynadier, who dying in a 
few months, Bacon was appointed his successor. 
After two years, he went to Dover, twelve miles 
distant, and there finding many poor negro 
slaves, as heathenish as when they or their 
parents were brought from the coast of Guinea, 
felt constrained to instruct them on the wayside, 
or in the houses of friends ; and to exhort them 
at their funerals and marriages. Some of the 
sermons preached by him to the negroes, and 
also on the duty of Christian masters and mis. 
tresses, were printed in London, 1 and a few of 
them were republished in this country by the 
late Bishop Meade, of Virginia. He also, with 
the aid of contributions from Lord and Lady 

1 " Four Sermons, upon the great and indispensable duty of 
all Christian masters and mistresses to bring up their negro 
slaves in the knowledge and fear of God. 

"Preached at the Parish Church of St. Peter, in Talbot 
County, in the Province of Maryland.*' 

London: 1750. 142 pp., 18mo. 



REV. JONATHAN BOUCHER. 183 

Baltimore, and their nephew his Private Secre- 
tary, erected in 1755 an industrial school about 
a mile from Oxford, the building for which yet 
exists. Bishop Wilson, a short time after, sent 
fifty pounds to aid in the instruction of negroes. 

lie next commenced a work greatly needed, a 
collection of all the laws of Maryland, as far as 
possible, from the time of the first Assembly. 
Before it was completed, he removed to Frede- 
rick, and from the day of its publication, in large 
folio form, it has been valuable to every lawyer, 
as well as to all those interested in the usages of 
old colony times. In this work he styles himself 
the Rector of All Saints' Parish, in Frederick 
County, and Domestic Chaplain in Maryland to 
the Right Honorable Frederick Lord Baltimore. 

Jonathan Boucher 1 was not as practical nor as 
patient as Bacon, but for eloquent writing and 
extensive erudition he was the equal of any in 
the colonies. A sensitive gentleman, of strong 
convictions, a warm royalist, Rector of St. Anne's, 
Annapolis, and subsequently of Queen Anne's, 
in Prince George County, at the very time that 
the colonies were preparing to break loose from 
a government beyond the Atlantic, which was 



1 He was at one time the tutor of John Parke Custis, the son 
of Martha, the wife of George Washington, and his adopted 
child. In Sparks's Letters of Washington is a letter to Boucher, 
disapproving of the proposition relative to Custis making a 
foreign tour. 



184 TERRA MARIM. 

not adapted to, and could not be made to under- 
stand, their position and wants, it is not surpris- 
ing that he should have sided with his friend 
Governor Eden, and looked with horror upon 
the rising spirit of republicanism. 

Yet his very frankness and Christian fearless- 
ness wins admiration, while the reader entirely 
dissents from the political theories broached in 
his sermons. His discourses on Absalom and 
Ahitophel were supposed to be aimed at Wash- 
ington and Franklin. While he admired the 
former, he disliked the latter, and in a note to 
the discourse on Ahitophel he states: "It was 
in Philadelphia, if not solely, and by his friends, 
he was charged with having stolen from an Irish 
gentleman of the name of Kinnersley, many of 
his useful discoveries respecting electricity." 1 

Destitute of that fear of pewholders which 
locked the lips of some of the clergy, he plainly 
discussed all questions of the day, in their moral 
aspects. 

In a sermon of the year 1763, he remarks: 



1 Kinnersley was Professor of Natural Philosophy in the Col- 
lege of Philadelphia, and brother-in-law of Edward Duffield, 
the life-long friend and executor of Franklin. The three were 
members of the American Philosophical Society, and frequently 
retired to Dumeld's ancestral seat, near Philadelphia, to try 
experiments and make philosophical instruments. Kinnersley 
looked upon him as a co-laborer rather than a depredator of 
his scientific discoveries. 



BOUCHER AGAINST SLAVERY. 185 

" Were an impartial and comprehensive observer 
of the state of society in these middle colonies 
asked, Whence it happens that Virginia and 
Maryland, which were the first planted, and which 
are superior to many colonies, and inferior to 
none in point of every natural advantage, are 
still so exceedingly behind most of the other 
British American provinces in all those improve- 
ments which bring credit and consequence to a 
country? He would answer: They are so be- 
cause they are cultivated by slaves. I believe 
it is capable of demonstration, that except the 
money interest which every man has in the prop- 
erty of his slaves, it would be for every man's in- 
terest that there were no slaves, and for this 
plain reason, because the free labor of a free man 
who is regularly hired and paid for the work 
which he does, and what he does, is in the end 
cheaper than the extorted eye-service of a slave. 
Some loss and inconvenience would no doubt 
arise from the general abolition of slavery in the 
colonies, but were it done gradually, with judg- 
ment and good temper, I have never yet seen it 
satisfactorily proved that such injury would be 
either great or lasting." 

A man who thus talked out his convictions, 
when "the times that tried man's soul" arrived, 
boldly took his position, which was in favor of 
the Crown, and ardent republicans soon made it 

16* 



186 TERRA MARLE. 

too uncomfortable for him, to remain on this 
side of the Atlantic. 

To a great throng he preached, in 1775, his 
farewell sermon, at lower Queen Anne's Parish, 
Prince George Count}'. His text 1 was exceed- 
ingly significant, and concluding sentences full 
of pathos. "I confess to you there is something 
particularly ungrateful to my feelings in being 
thus outlawed and driven away from a country, 
where I have so long lived, with credit and com- 
fort. 2 When I but little deserved it, I experienced 
patronage and protection. It was only when I 
came to render the best offices in my power to 
your country that I met with the worst returns. 
For these efforts to do good I have been attacked 
openly, and undermined secretly, ruined by the 
enemies of government without being either pro- 
tected or pitied by its friends. In short, to bor- 
row the words of a great man, 3 'my life hath 
been threatened and my name libelled, which I 
count an honor.' " 

1 Neh., vi. 10, 11 : "Afterward I came unto the house of She- 
maiah, who was shut up ; and he said, Let us meet together in 
the house of God, within the temple, and let us shut the doors 
of the temple; for they will come to slay thee; yea, in the 
night will they come to slay thee. 

"And I said, Should such a man as I flee ? and who is there 
that being as I am, would go into the temple to save his life?" 

2 He married Miss Addison, of Addison's Manor, which ex- 
tended from the confines of Washington City to Oxon Creek. 
Oxon Hall is still standing, the old family mansion. 

3 Lord Bacon. 



EARLY SCHOOL LAW. 187 

After he returned to England he became Yicar 
of Epsom, and devoted the latter years of his 
life in preparing a Glossary of Provincial and 
Archaeological Words, which was published as 
a supplement to Johnson's Dictionary. 

As one turns over the pages of Bacon's Laws 
of Maryland, he is astonished to find not a single 
provision for the education of the youth of the 
province during the first half century. Indeed, 
it is not until 1696, that any enactment is discov- 
ered. Then a law was passed for the establish- 
ment at Annapolis of a free school, to be called 
King "William's School, "for the propagation of 
the Gospel, and the education of youth in good 
letters and manners." The corporation was 
made a body politic, by the name of the Rectors, 
Governors, Trustees, and Visitors of the Free 
Schools of Maryland, and were authorized to 
make rules not contrary to the laws of England 
and Maryland, nor opposed to the Canons and 
Constitution of the Church of England. 

For the support of a master, usher, and scribe 
one hundred and twenty pounds were to be pro- 
vided. After the school at Severn was estab- 
lished, it was enacted that there should be a 
second at Oxford, on the Eastern Shore. 

But the law for years was of no benefit, as 
there were no funds. The Governor stipulated 
with Anthony Workman, that William Freeman, 
a bricklayer of Philadelphia, might build a house, 



188 TERRA MARINE. 

to be employed by Workman as an inn, on con- 
dition that at his death, it should be for the use 
of the free school at Annapolis. Workman had 
a lease on life for several years, and ignorance 
increased, while the prospective temple of learn- 
ing was a shrine of Bacchus, but at length the 
landlord rested from his labors, and the school 
reaped the benefit of the edifice. 

In 1723 the school law was remodeled, and be- 
came the nucleus of those county academies in 
which so many of our ancestors were prepared 
for professional, mercantile, or agricultural life. 
The preamble of the Act to encourage educa- 
tion is in these words : " Whereas, the preceding 
Assemblies, for some years past, have had much 
at heart the absolute necessity they have lain 
under in regard both to duty and intention to 
make the best provision in their power for the 
liberal and pious education of the youth of the 
province, and improving their natural abilities 
and acuteness, which seems not to be inferior to 
any, so as to be fitted for the discharge of their 
duties and employments they may be called to, 
either in regard to Church or State." 

The law then provides that the teachers shall 
be members of the Church of England, pious 
and exemplary in their lives, capable of teaching 
well the grammar, good writing, and the mathe- 
matics, "if such can conveniently be got." 

Seven trustees were appointed in each county, 



EARLY SCHOOL TRUSTEES. 



189 



with power to fill vacancies, " from the principal 
and better sort of inhabitants." The first were 
tiamed by the Assembly, and the roll of names, 
embodied in the law, is valuable, as showing 
who were considered the better and more intelli- 
gent sort of people at that early period. 



SAINT MARY COUNTY. 

Eev. Leigh Massey. 
James Bowles, Esq. 
Nicholas Lowe, Esq. 1 
Mr. Samuel Williamson. 
Col. T. Trueman Greenfield. 
Mr. Thomas Wanghop. 
Capt. Justinian Jordan. 

KENT COUNTY. 

Rev. Richard Sewall. 
Rev. A. Williamson. 
James Harris, Esq.- 
Col. Edward Scott. 
Mr. Simon Wilmer. 3 
Mr. Gideon Pearce. 
Mr. Lambert Wilmer. 

ANN ARUNDEL COUNTY. 

Rev. Joseph Colbatch.* 
Col. Samuel Young. 5 



BALTIMORE COUNTY. 

Rev. William Tibbs. 

Col. John Dorsey. 

Mr. John Israel. 

Mr. William Hamilton. 

Mr. Thomas Tolley. 

Mr. John Stokes. 

Mr. Thomas Sheredine. 

CHARLES COUNTY. 

Rev. William Maconchie. 
Mr. Gustavus Brown. 
Mr. George Dent. 
Capt. Joseph Harrison. 
Mr. Robert Harrison. 
Mr. Samuel Hanson. 
Mr. Randall Morris. 

TALBOT COUNTY. 

Rev. Henry Nicholls. 

Col. Mat. Tilghman Ward. 6 



1 The Lowe family came into the province about 1675. 

2 Judge of Provincial Court. 

3 Ancestor of Rev. William H. Wilmer, D.D., and Bishop 
Wilmer. 

4 Ordained by Bishop of London. In 1694 became Hector of 
All Hallow's Parish. Died 1734. 

5 Judge of Provincial Court. 

6 Penn. Boundary Commissioner. 



190 



TERRA MARIAS. 



ANN ARUNDEL COUNTY. 

Mr. William Lock. 
Capt. Daniel Mariartee. 
Mr. Christopher Hammond. 
Mr. Richard Warfield. 
John Beale, Esq. 

CALVERT COUNTY. 

Rev. Jonathan Cay. 
John Ronsby, Esq. 
Col. John Mackall. 
Col. John Smith. 
Mr. James Heigh. 
Mr. Walter Smith, of Leon- 
ard's Creek. 
Mr. Benjamin Mackall. 

DORCHESTER COUNTY. 

Rev. Thomas Howell. 
Col. Roger Woolford. 
Major Henry Ennels. 
Capt. John Rider. 
Capt. Henry Hooper. 
Capt. John Hudson. 
Mr. Gustavus Lockerman. 



TALBOT COUNTY. 

Robert Ungle, Esq. 
Mr. Robert Goldsborough. 1 
Mr. William Clayton. 
Mr. John Oldham. 
Mr. Thomas Bozman. 2 

SOMERSET COUNTY. 

Rev. Alexander Adams. 3 
Rev. James Robertson. 
Mr. Joseph Gray. 
Mr. Robert Martin. 4 
Mr. Robert King. 5 
Mr. Levin Gale. 



PRINCE GEORGE COUNTY. 

Hon. Charles Calvert, Esq., 

Governor. 
Rev. Jacob Henderson. 7 
Mr. Robert Tyler. 8 
Col. Joseph Belt. 
Mr. Thomas Grant. 
Mr. George Notley. 
Col. John Bradford. 



1 Ancestor of the delegate to Continental Congress, and Gov- 
ernor and Robert Goldsborough, formerly U. S. S. 

2 Relation of the historian. 

3 In 1704 assumed the charge of Stepney Parish, and died in 
1769, at the age of ninety-one years. 

1 Came from Scotland in 1706. 

5 Born at Lancaster, Pa., 1744. 

6 Major-General of militia. 7 See page 181. 

8 Robert Tyler, the first emigrant, came to the province 
about 1660. 



EARLY SCHOOL TRUSTEES. 191 

CECIL COUNTY. QUEEN ANNE COUNTY. 

Col. John Wood. Rev. Christopher Wilkinson. 3 

Major John Dowdall. Philemon Lloyd, Esq. 4 

Col. Benjamin Pearce. 1 Richard Tilghman, Esq. 5 

Mr. Steptoe Knight. Mr. James Earle, Sr. 

Mr. Edward Jackson. Mr. William Turbutt. 

Mr. Richard Thompson. Mr. Augustine Thompson. 7 

Mr. Thomas Johnson, Jr.'-' Mr. Edward Wright. 

WORCESTER COUNTY (CREATED IN 1742). 

Rev. Patrick Glasgow. 8 
Col. John Scarborough. 1 ' 
Capt. John Purnell. 
Mr. Thomas Robins. 10 
Mr. William Lane. 

1 Ancestor of late U. S. Senator James A. Pearce. 

2 The first State Governor a descendant. 

3 Rector of Queen Anne's Parish, 1713. Died in 1729. 

4 Deputy Surveyor-General, and member of Pennsylvania 
Boundary Commission. 

5 Richard Tilghman, the emigrant, came in 1675. Had been 
one of the petitioners to have justice done to Charles the First. 
His son Richard married a Miss Lloyd. Represented by a late 
Chief Justice of Pennsylvania. 

Father-in-law of Tench Francis, Attorney-General of Penn- 
sylvania. 

7 His father arrived about 16G5, and married a daughter of 
Augustine Heerman, of Bohemia Manor. 

8 Had been a Presbyterian minister in Somerset County, but 
entered the Church of England, and became the first Rector of 
All Hallow's Parish, Snow Hill. 

,J Descendant of Edmund Scarburgh, Surveyor-General of 
Virginia. 

10 The ancestor of late Judge Robins, Rev. John Robins, and 
Thomas Robins, President of Philadelphia. Bank. 



192 TERRA MAEIM. 

WORCESTER COUNTY. 

Major John Selby. Col. James Martin. 1 

These county schools were slowly organized, 
but after the war of the Revolution several be- 
came useful as academies, and that of Somerset 
at one period had a high reputation. 

About the middle of the last century several 
brick churches were erected by law, a few of 
which are now kept in tolerable repair, while 
others arc only frequented by bats and owls. 
There are two acts relative to the erection of a 
parish church in Snow Hill, one passed in 1746, 
authorizing a tax of eighty thousand pounds of 
tobacco to he levied, to be applied to church erec- 
tion, and the other in 1756, granting the power 
to levy an additional tax of forty-five thousand 
pounds of the same article. In 1763 two hun- 
dred and seventy pounds of tobacco were equiva- 
lent to an English guinea, ami at this valuation 
the whole tax was about four hundred and sixty 
guineas, which, like the tax for the support of 
ministers of Church of England, of forty pounds 
of tobacco for every taxable, was collected from 
all classes, without respect to their religious 
preferences. 



1 His son James, member of the Convention of 1788, for the 
ratification of the Constitution of the U. S. James Martin, a 
lawyer in Baltimore, and his sister, wife of Dr. John Neill, of 
Snow Hill, were grandchildren of Col. James Martin. Mrs. 
Judge Spence, of Cambridge, is a descendant. 



MARYLAND PRESBYTERIANS. 193 

In concluding a sketch of the established 
church of the colony, it will not be inappro- 
priate to glance at the Presbyterian immigra- 
tion. At an early period, some say as early as 
1670, Colonel Mnian Beale came from Barba- 
does l with a number of persons who were orig- 
inally from Scotland, and occupied the region 
between Washington City and the Patuxent, a 
portion of which was called New Scotland. He 
is supposed to have been that "ancient and 
comely man, an elder among the Presbyterians," 
mentioned, in 1691, by the Quaker preacher, 
Wilson. He was intrepid and enterprising, and 
among the laws of 1699 is an "Act of gratitude " 
to Colonel Xinian Beale for his services upon all 
incursions and disturbances of the neighboring 
Indians, seventy-five pounds sterling, to be laid 
out for three serviceable negroes for him and his 
wife, and afterward for their children; the said 
negroes and their increase not to be subject to 
execution or judgment during his or wife's life. 

Under the auspices of Colonel William Stevens, 
one of the councillors of the province, Somerset, 
then embracing AYorcester, had received a large 
Scotch and Protestant Irish emigration, and he 
wrote, about the year 1680 to a Presbytery of 



1 Walter Bayne, of Charles County, whose place was called 
Barbadoes, one of whose daughters married Rev. Matthew Hill, 
and another John Beale, was probably of the same party. 

IT 



194 TERRA MARIM. 

Ireland, requesting ministers for that section of 
country. The first Presbyterian minister that 
arrived was Francis Makemie, who not only 
preached in the valley of the Pocomoke, but 
visited settlements in Virginia. His residence in 
1690 appears to have been near the Pocomoke, 
in Accomac County, Virginia. The next year he 
was in England, where he probably published a 
catechism, which, in 1692, was read by George 
Keith, 1 the controversial and acrimonious Quaker, 
then visiting the Eastern Shore, who denounced 
the production as tending "to the Pope and 
Church of Pome." Makemie afterward pub- 
lished, at Boston, "An Answer to George Keith's 
Libel on a Catechism published by F. Makemie," 
which was recommended by Cotton Mather and 
other divines. At Edinburgh, in 1699, he pub- 
lished a book called "Everlasting Truths in a 
New Light." Another visit was made to Eng- 
land in 1704, and there a work from his pen was 
issued in handsome style, and dedicated to Ed- 
ward Nott, Lieutenant-Governor of Virginia. It 
was called "A Plain and Loving Persuasion to 
the Inhabitants of Virginia and Maryland for 
promoting Towns and Cohabitation." Returning 
to the Eastern Shore, he assisted, in 1706, in or- 
ganizing the first Presbytery in the United States, 
at Philadelphia, and was chosen its moderator. 

1 Keith was subsequently ordained by the Bishop of London. 



REV. FRANCIS MAKEMIE. 195 

Through his influence Hampton, 1 Henry, 2 and 
McMsh came to Maryland. Lord Cornbury, 
Governor of New York, imprisoned him in 1707, 3 



1 John Hampton was settled in Snow Hill in 1707. 

2 John Henry preached in Somerset, and married the daugh- 
ter of Sir Robert King, and the widow of Colonel Francis Jen- 
kins, who was President of the Council in 1710. He had two 
sons, Robert Jenkins Henry and John Henry, who became 
prominent citizens. John Henry, U. S. Senator from 1789 to 
1797, was, I think, a grandson. 

8 The following letter, which seems to have escaped the at- 
tention of the historians of the Presbyterian Church of the 
United States, alludes to the formation of the first presbytery 
and his imprisonment: 

Philadelphia, March 28, 1707. 
Mr. Benj. Colman. 

R'd Brother, — Since our imprisonment we have commenced 
a correspondence with our r'd brethren of the ministry at Bos- 
ton, which we hope, according to our intention, has been com- 
municated to you all, whose sympathizing concurrence I cannot 
doubt in our expensive struggle for asserting our liberty against 
the powerful invasion of L'd Cornbury, which is not yet over. 
I need not tell you of a pick'd jury; and the penal laws are in- 
vading our American sanctuary without the least regard to tol- 
eration, which should justly alarm us all. 

I hope Mr. Campbell, to whom I direct this for the more safe 
conveyance, has shown or informed you what I wrote last. 
We are, so far, upon our return home; tho' I must return for a 
final trial, which will be very troublesome and expensive. And 
we only had liberty to attend a meeting of ministers we had 
formerly appointed here, and were only seven in number at 
first, but expect a growing number. 

Our design is to meet yearly, and oftener if necessary, to 
consult the most proper measures for advancing religion, and 
propagating Christianity in our various stations, and to main- 



196 TERRA MARIjE. 

because, while visiting that province, he preached 
without permission, and the proceedings at the 
trial are republished in the Force Historical 
Tracts. The sermon, for preaching which, he 
was arrested, was published at Boston, with this 
motto on the title-page: "Preces et lachrynse 
sunt arma ecclesise." He died in 1708 in Acco- 
mac County, Virginia. 

On the banks of the Patuxent and Potomac, 
at an early day, preached Nathaniel Taylor, 
Orme, Magill, and Conn. The latter was a 
graduate of Glasgow University, and came to 
Maryland in 1715, on the invitation of the mer- 
chants of Patapsco, and in 1719 moved to Garri- 
son's Landing, as the neighborhood now known 
as Bladensburg was called. He died in 1752 
while preaching at a funeral. 



tain such a correspondence as may conduce to the improvement 
of our ministerial abilities, by prescribing texts to be preached 
on, by two of our number at every meeting, which performance 
is subjected to the censure of our brethren; our subject is Paul's 
epistle to the Hebrews. I and another began and performed 
our parts on vs. 1 and 2. The 3d is prescribed to Mr. Andrews 
and another. If my friends write, direct to Mr. John Yard, at 
Philadelphia, to be directed to me in Virginia. Pardon, sir, 
this diversion from 

Your humble serv't, and brother in the 

Work of the Gospel, 

Francis Makemie. 

Benjamin Colman, to whom the letter is addressed, was Pas- 
tor of Brattle Street Church, Boston. 



PRESBYTERIAN MINISTERS. 197 

On Bohemia Manor the Huguenots, and Re- 
formed Dutch organized a Presbyterian church, 
and by the influence of Hutcheson, Professor of 
Moral Philosophy in the University of Glasgow, 
Alexander Hutcheson, of Scotland, in 1723, be- 
came pastor, and his elders were John Brevard 
and Dr. Peter Bouchelle, while the Bayards and 
Bassotts were parishioners. 

In 1747 the eloquent and youthful Rogers, 1 the 
son-in-law of Colonel Peter Bayard, and the asso- 
ciate of Samuel Davies, preached with great suc- 
cess in Somerset, and William Winder, 2 a gentle- 
man of culture, who had been a strong Church 
of England man, under his mild influence be- 
came a zealous Presbyterian, and did much to 
sustain the denomination in that county. 

Among the first lay delegates to the presby- 
teries and synods of that church are found the 
names of Adam Spence, 3 Archibald Edmistone, 
and James Beale. 

It was, however, a branch of the church not 
very well adapted to the condition of the prov- 
ince. To the luxurious and profligate it seemed 

1 Afterward pastor in New York City. 

2 Winder's daughter married a Mr. Morris, of Worcester 
County, and her sons were the late Dr. Morris, of Dover, Dela- 
ware, and John B. Morris, Esq., of Baltimore. 

3 Adam Spence was the ancestor of Dr. John S. Spence, U. S. 
Senator from 1837 to 1841, Judges Ara Spence and Thomas A. 
Spence. 

n* 



198 



TERRA MA RIM. 



austere, and to the emotional and illiterate its 
forms of worship were too cold. It has never 
yet been able to nourish, in a land destitute of 
school-houses, and where labor is not honored, 
having always felt that there was great signifi- 
cance in the old proverb, "Laborare, est orare." 




CHAPTER SEVENTH. 

SOCIETY IN EIGHTEENTH CENTURY, AND CAUSES 
WHICH LED TO INDEPENDENCE. 




the commencement of the eighteenth 
century, the province contained many 
large land proprietors, and a few sparse 
settlements. Planters counted their acres by 
thousands, and a wilderness often intervened be- 
tween them and their nearest neighbors. The 
country was so ribbed with rivers, that there was 
navigation to nearly every man's door, and it 
was with pride the planter beheld the vessel 
from Europe, sail up one of the numerous tribu- 
taries of the Potomac or Chesapeake, and unload 
on his own soil, the assorted cargo. The cap- 
tains and crew of the colonial marine were well 
pleased with this condition of things, as their 
arrival, having been long looked for, and much 
talked of, they were always cordially welcomed; 
and during their stay, were not only the guests, 
but had the entire freedom of the neighborhood. 
A vignette on a map of Maryland and Virginia, 

( 199) " 



200 TERRA MARINE. 

published more than a century ago, represents a 
common plantation scene. A planter sits with 
easy dignity in front of his storehouse, smoking 
a pipe, and watching the slaves packing and 
coopering hogsheads of tobacco, intended for 
the return cargo of the ship, moored at the land- 
ing, while a half-nude negro is bearing to the 
captain of the vessel a waiter with glasses of 
wine. 

With such facilities for shipping their prod- 
ucts direct to Europe, they did not feel depend- 
ent upon commercial centres, and as there was 
no back country, there could be no large towns. 
Saint Mary contained about fifty houses, and 
Annapolis was not as large. A rhymer 1 of that 
era describes the latter as — 

"A city situate on a plain, 
Where scarce a house will keep out rain, 
The buildings framed with cypress rare, 
Resemble much our Southwark fair." 

Slaves were rapidly increasing, and those 
directly from Guinea were but little above 
beasts of burden. It was necessary to commu- 

1 This extract, quoted by Ridgley, is from a satire entitled, 
" The Sot Weed Factor, or a Voyage to Maryland. A Satyr. 
In which is described the laws, government, courts, and con- 
stitution of the country ; and also the buildings, feasts, frolics, 
entertainments, and drunken humours of that part of America. 
In burlesque verse. By Eben Cooke, Gent. Lond. : by B. 
Bragg. 1708.'' 4to. pp. 21. 



CULTIVATION OF TOBACCO. 201 

nicate with them by signs; and to teach them 
the use of the plow, and other agricultural im- 
plements, was more tedious than the breaking of 
a horse to harness. 

Others as dark as the native African, but 
born in America, were the principal field hands, 
and with an allowance of a peck of meal per 
week, and some salt, with such fish and game as 
they could catch, they were pushed by overseers 
to cultivate large fields of tobacco. Six thou- 
sand plants to the acre were usually planted, and 
each slave it was hoped, would make a thousand 
pounds. Bennett, the descendant of one of 
Cromwell's commissioners, owned thirteen hun- 
dred slaves, four hundred more than Col. Carter, 
of Virginia. 1 

Beside the negro slaves, there were indented 
white servants, or redemptioners, who served a 
stipulated period, in payment for their outfit and 
the expenses of the voyage from the "old coun- 
try." 2 They were sometimes enticed aboard 



1 Douglass' Historical and Political Summary of the British 
Settlements in North America. London, 1749. 

2 In looking over some old family papers, in possession of a 
near relative, I find a letter from a Glasgow merchant, dated 
January 19, 1714, and addressed to "Mr. Thomas Mackey, 
merch't on Potomoak River." 

After speaking of goods shipped, he writes: "The servants 
are all well cloathed, and provided with bedding, as ye will 
see." 

He then states that some of the servants prefer " Mariland, 



202 TERRA MARINE. 

ships, by a class of men called "spirits," and 
brought to the colonies and sold. 1 

the reason whereof is that Virginia is a little odious to the peo- 
ple here." There were shipped on board the American Mer- 
chant, thirty-five women, thirty boys, and twenty-eight men. 
Subjoined are the names and occupations of some of the men 
and boys : 

Names of Men. Occupation. 

William Colvin Cooper. 

Arch'd Williamson. Smith. 

Peter Campbell Coppersmith. 

John Kennedy Wright . 

James Adamson Sailor. 

Daniel Millar Shoemaker. 

Henry Hunter Tailor. 

James Chrystie Farmer. 

Names of Boys. Occupation. 

Alex'r Campbell Tailor. 

Charles Swinton Weaver. 

Wm. Watson Barber. 

Peter Graham Glover. 

Henry McMillan Butcher. 

John Toward Painter. 

James Porteous Baker. 

Wm. Brown Shoemaker. 

Thos. Falconer Farmer. 

1 Nearly two centuries ago, James Pancoast, a watchmaker's 
apprentice ir London, was kidnapped and sold to a gentleman 
in Maryland. By his industry he obtained a tract of land at 
Gisborough, the point on the Potomac, in sight of Washing- 
ton, used as a cavalry depot during the late war. 

Having been drowned and unmarried, his estate was un- 
claimed for a long period, and reverted to the Proprietary. 
Two of his brothers, William and Joseph, were early settlers in 



WHITE AND BLACK MARRIAGES. 203 

Later in the century, hundreds of paupers and 
convicts were also shipped from the cities of 
Great Britain, and such was the demand for 
labor, they were eagerly sought. A newspaper 
of the year 1737, under the caption of "An 
arrant cheat detected at Annapolis," states that 
a vessel arrived there, bringing sixty- six inden- 
tures signed by the Mayor of Dublin, and 
twenty-two wigs, of such a make that it was 
evident, that they were intended for no other use 
than to give a respectable appearance to the con- 
victs, when they should go ashore. 

Some of this class, removed from the corrupt- 
ing influences of crowded cities, seemed to be 
able to overcome temptation, and made good 
and useful citizens. 

At one period, the marriages between free- 
born English white women and negro slaves 
were so frequent, that the Assembly enacted 
that the wives of such should be slaves, during 
the lifetime of their husbands, and also that 
their children should be held in bondage. 

In 1681, Eleanor Butler, or Irish Nell, as she 
is termed in the law reports, one of Lord Balti- 
more's domestics, was married to a negro slave, 
and her employer's influence was used to obtain 



Mansfield, Burlington County, New Jersey, and years after the 
drowning of James, in 1770, the descendants of these brothers 
brought snit for the property, in the provincial court. 



204 TERRA )/. I /,'/./■;. 

it modification of the law of L663, but it did not 
prevent the enslaving of lier offspring. 

Planters often encouraged these alliances, 
from mercenary motives, so that it became ne- 
cessary to make it a penal offence for any "mas- 
ter, mistress, or dame," to persuade -or encour- 
age a white woman to marry a negro slave. 1 

In 1719 the population of the province con- 
sisted of fifty-live thousand whites and twenty- 
five thousand slaves. Indolence on the part of 
the planters, and dependence upon irresponsible 
servants, produced the usual consequences, and 
the laws enacted during the firsl twenty-live 
years of this century, prove the prevalence of 
bankruptcy. To avoid their English creditors, 
planters, too proud to dig, fled from the planta- 
tions, while indented servants, by thrift and in- 
dustry, soon became owners of the deserted es- 
tates. The "Gentleman's Magazine," of 1732, 
speaks of seventy planters of Maryland, in de- 
spair at the Low price of tobacco, conspiring and 
destroying the plants of those who were still dis- 
posed to cultivate. 



1 The maternal grandmother of Benjamin Banneker, the mu- 
latto mathematician and astronomer, who assisted Ellicott in 
laying out the City of Washington, was a white woman who 
married her negro slave. 

Jefferson sent a copy of his almanac to Condorcct, Secretary 
of the French Academy of Science, who in reply wrote a com- 
plimentary letter to the Anglo-African. The Maryland Histor- 
ical Society has published two sketches of his life. He was 
horn in I T" - 1 1 , and died in 1801. 



ANNAPOLIS AT AX EARLY DAY. 205 

When the second Charles Lord Baltimore vis- 
ited Maryland, the country had not yet recovered 
from the excessive cultivation of one staple, as 
the following lines, addressed to him, indicate: 

"Too long, alas! Tobacco has engross'd 
Our cares, and we mourn our markets lost; 
The planters' crops, that overspread our plains, 
Reward with poverty the toiling swains; 
Their sinking staple chills the planters' hearts 
Nor dare they venture on unpractie'd arts; 
Despondent they impending ruin view, 
Yet starving, must their old employ pursue. 
If you benevolent, afford your aid, 
Your faithful tenants shall enlarge their trade ; 
By you encourag'd, artists shall appear, 
And gath'ring crowded towns, inhabit here ; 
Well pleas'd would they employ their gainful hands 
To purchase and improve your vacant lands." 

Toward the middle of the century, Annapolis 
began to be a centre of trade and fashion. Here 
the deputies of the Crown and Proprietary dwelt, 
and astonished the country people, by a poor imi- 
tation of the follies and vices of the English no- 
bility, and introducing the French hair-dresser 
and dancing-master. 

The style of the public buildings and private 
residences did not improve much before the 
Revolution. 1 The court-house at the capital was 



1 Barnaby, an Archdeacon of the Church of England, who 
visited the place in 1760, says : 

"Annapolis consists of about one hundred and fifty houses. 

18 



206 TERRA MARINE. 

decayed, and "both without and within an em- 
blem of public poverty," and a certain one of 
their own poets said : 

" Here, in Annapolis alone, 
God has the meanest house in town." 

The other county seats were not superior. A 
writer in the London Magazine of 1746, describes 
Snow Hill as containing one brick house, the 
residence of the Church of England minister, 
and the frame houses as primitive in their ap- 
pearance. 

Living, as the large majority of the popula- 
tion did, on isolated plantations, hospitality was 
scarcely a virtue. The advent of a stranger was 
rare, and he was "sought after with greediness;" 
servants meeting him in the highways, by im- 
portunity compelled him to come to their mas- 
ter's house. Destitute of markets, provisions 
were abundant, and the tables were loaded with 
coarse but palatable food. At breakfast the 
guest was furnished with coffee or chocolate, 
hashed meat, venison pasty, punch, beer, or 
cider, and the dinner consisted of beef, veal, tur- 
key, fish, and oysters. Having an abundance to 



The town is not laid out regularly, but is tolerably well built, 
and has several good brick houses. None of the streets are 
paved, and the few public buildings here are not worth mention- 
ing. The church is a very poor one, the stadt-house but indif- 
ferent, and the Governor's palace is not finished." 



LETTER OF THOMAS EDEN. 207 

eat and drink, the population " became a care- 
less, unthinking sort of folk." 

As there were no commercial centres, ships 
came to plantations after passengers wishing to 
go to Europe. 1 



1 By the kindness of a lady and former neighbor, a near rela- 
tive of Lord Fairfax, I am permitted to publish a letter illustra- 
tive of the above remark, written by a brother of Governor 
Eden to Geo. Wra. Fairfax, who lived near Mount Vernon. 

Annapolis, May 30lh, 1773. 
Sir: 

I had the honor of receiving your letter of the 10th of May, 
sent us by Colonel Washington in his way to the northward. 
I had the pleasure of seeing him at Chester, on the Eastern 
Shore, but did not receive the letter, which had been (by my 
brother's desire, on account of the uncertainty of meeting me) 
left here for me, and I take the earliest opportunity since my 
return of answering it. 

It will be agreeable to me to take agreeable passengers. The 
terms I have established are 20 guineas for cabbin and 10 guineas 
for steerage passengers from this country to London, and 25 
and 12 from London to Maryland, on account of the estimated 
difference on the length of the voyage. As to passengers, I do 
not know of any except yourself and family whom I am likely 
to carry home this voyage, as taking passengers, unless to oblige 
particular friends, is not the plan I go upon. 

Do not, however, imagine that I shall not be very happy in 
accommodating you and your family. With regard to provisions, 
you probably, sir, can be as good a judge as I am. You may, 
I think, venture to calculate the voyage for six weeks. Six 
hogs, and as many sheep, which latter ought to be accustomed 
to dry meat before they are put on board, with such geese, 
ducks, and fowls as you can (much more conveniently than I) 
put on board, will, with our own usual provisions and what 1 



208 TERRA MA RIM. 

In a country so new, the inns were mere stop- 
ping places to water the horses of travelers, and 
they were seldom called upon to lodge or enter- 
tain strangers. Gentlemen riding from Annapo- 
lis to Baltimore, in 1744, usually halted about 
midday at James Moore's, an ordinary house in 
a double sense, at the head of the Severn, and 
from thence drove to the "Widow Hughes, at 
Patapsco Ferry, and crossing to Whetstone 
Point, proceeded to William Rogers's Inn, in 
Baltimore, which was three miles from the 
ferry. 

When the Maryland Commissioners went to 
meet those of Pennsylvania and Virginia at Lan- 
caster, for the purpose of holding a treaty with 
the Six Nations, the Hon. Philip Thomas, one 

generally carry out of the country, suffice, unless you choose 
any one kind of provisions, and in that case you will lay in ac- 
cordingly. As near as I can possibly guess, we shall sail by 
the last clay of June, from Colonel Fitzhugh's, in the mouth of 
Patuxent River, where I should wish to receive you on board, 
and your sea stock, and should the ship be detained there a few 
days by any unfortunate delay, Mrs. Fairfax may be well en- 
tertained on shore by the worthy colonel and his lady, whom I 
reckon amongst my best friends. I should be glad to hear from 
you by the rext post, as I shall not engage my cabbin, should 
it be applyed for, till I know your determination. 

Please to direct to me under cover to the Governor here, who 
will know where to forward my letters to me. 

I am, sir, 
Your m't obed't humb. serv't, 

Thos. Eden. 



COMMISSIONERS REACH NOTTINGHAM. 209 

of the Commissioners, Witham Marshe, the Sec- 
retary, and Rev. Mr. Cradock, the Chaplain, 
stopped at Moore's, and, says the Secretary, 
"such a dinner was prepared for us, as never 
was either seen or cooked in the Highlands of 
Scotland, or the Isles of Orkney. It consisted 
of six eggs, fried with six pieces of bacon, with 
some clammy pone, or Indian bread. 

" But, as hunger knows little of cleanliness, 
and withal very impatient, we fell to and soon 
devoured the victuals. Our liquor was sorry 
rum, mixed with water and sugar, which bears 
the heathenish name of bumbo. Of this we 
drank about a pint, to keep down the nauseous 
eggs and bacon." 

The night they were in Baltimore, the Rev. 
Mr. Bourdillon, 1 whose wife was a cousin of 
Lady Baltimore, paid them a visit. 

On Wednesday, June twentieth, 1744, the 
party reached Nottingham, and here were joined 
by the other Commissioners, Edmund Jennings, 
Thomas Colvill, and Robert King, with the sec- 
ond Charles Lord Baltimore's natural son, Mr. 
Benedict Calvert. 



1 Marshe states that he came from England with Bourdillon, 
and landed in Maryland January 1, 1737. His wife was the 
niece of Sir Theodore Jansen. He became the Rector of St. 
Paul's Parish, Baltimore, in 1739. Previous to his visit to 
England, he preached in Somerset, and his first arrival in 
America was about 1735. 

18* 



210 TERRA MARLK. 

The next clay the Commissioners and their 
friends arrived at Lancaster, Pa., then a town on 
the Indian frontier, and stopped at Peter Wor- 
rall's tavern. Marshe, in his journal, says : 
" Our Commissioners and company supped at 
Worrall's, and passed away an hour or two very 
agreeably ; after which I retired to bed, but had 
not long reposed myself, when I was most 
fiercely attacked by the neighboring Dutch fleas 
and bugs which were ready to devour both me 
and the minister. However, after killing great 
quantities of my nimble enemies, I got about 
two hours' sleep. Mr. Calvert was more inhu- 
manly used by them than myself, as was likewise 
Mr. Cradock. On the next night Mr. Calvert 
left our lodgings, and laid in the court-house 
chamber, among the young gentlemen from Vir- 
ginia, who there had beds made on the floor for 
that purpose." 

In honor of the Commissioners, James Hamil- 
ton, Esq., the proprietor of Lancaster, gave a 
ball, and opened it by dancing two minuets with 
two of the ladies here, "who danced wilder time 
than any of the Indians." Marshe adds: " The 
females — I dare not call them ladies, for that 
would be a profanation of the name — were in 
general very disagreeable. The dancers con- 
sisted of Germans and Scotch-Irish; but there 
were some Jewesses, who had not long since 
come from New York, that made a tolerable ap- 



CENSUS RETURNS. 211 

pearance, being well dressed and of an agreeable 
behavior." 

After the treaty of 1763 with France, the 
grades of society became more numerous, and 
more distinct. The traveler found a few rich 
slaveholders, some enterprising farmers and 
merchants, and more listless, ignorant, indolent 
whites. "It is in this country," says the Mar- 
quis Chastellux, " that I saw for the first time, 
after I passed the sea, poor persons; for, in the 
midst of those rich plantations, where the negro 
alone is wretched, miserable huts are often to be 
met with, inhabited by whites, whose wan looks 
and ragged garments bespeak poverty." 

There were in 1752 1 about three negro slaves 
for every white person, and a writer of that day 
says that the best-formed males were valued as 
"stallions" on an English estate. 

Education was almost entirely neglected. The 



1 Census of 1752. 

Free. Ind. Serv'ts. Convicts. Total. 

Men 24,508 3576 1507 29,141 

Women 23,521 1824 386 25,731 

Boys 26,637 1049 67 27,752 

Girls 24,141 422 21 24,584 

Total 98,357 6870 1981 107,208 

Whites 107,208 

Negroes 42,764 

Mulattoes . 3,592 

153,564 



212 TERRA MARIM. 

wealthy were enabled to send their children 
abroad, but on their return, the young men, 
finding themselves surrounded only by inferiors, 
too often lost all interest in books, and became 
tyrannical or intemperate. 

Boucher, in an address on "American Educa- 
tion," prepared for delivery at Port Tobacco, re- 
marks : "At least two-thirds of the little educa- 
tion we receive is derived from instructors, that 
are either indented servants, or transported fel- 
ons. Not a ship arrives, either with redemp- 
tioners or convicts, in which schoolmasters are 
not as regularly advertised for sale as weavers, 
tailors, or any other trade ; with little other dif- 
ference, that I can hear of, excepting perhaps 
that the former do not usually fetch so good a 
price as the latter. I blushed even for a heathen 
State, when I read long ago, in one of the most 
interesting moral writers of Greece, that they 
also were chargeable with an equally shameful 
and cruel instance of negligence. I do not mean 
to offend you, when I mention the sarcastic re- 
mark of Diogenes to the people of Megara. 
Seeing that they took great care of their prop- 
erty, and paid very little attention to the rising 
generation, he said it was better to be one of 
their swine, than one of their children." 

A Presbyterian minister, settled at Upper 
Marlboro, advertised in 1722 for a runaway ser- 
vant, who, from the description, must have been 



RELIGION AND LITERATURE. 213 

of the class of pedagogues to which Boucher 
alludes. The notice in the newspaper thus 
reads: "Ran away from the Rev. D. Magill, a 
servant, clothed with damask breeches and vest, 
black broadcloth coat, broadcloth cloak of cop- 
per color, lined and trimmed with black, and 
wearing black stockings." 

Religion received as little attention as educa- 
tion. The majority of the freemen felt it was an 
imposition that they should be taxed to support 
a minister of the Church of England in whose 
services they felt no interest. While there were 
bright exceptions, many who officiated at the sa- 
cred desk, disgraced their calling, and the wags 
of the tavern supplemented the Catechism, by a 
significant question and answer: 

Ques. Who is a monster of the first renown ? 

Ans. A lettered sot — a drunkard in a gown. 

They were lineal successors of the fox-hunting 
parsons of Old England, and in a certain way 
accomplished, being competent, not only to unite 
parsons in the holy bonds of matrimony, but 
afterward to play the fiddle, while the company 
danced. 1 With a class of teachers and priests, 
"parasites and bottle companions of the rich," 2 



1 See Rev. Ethan Allen's Sketches in Sprague's Episcopal 
Clergy; also Bishop Meade's Old Parish Churches. 

2 Coke's Sermon in Baltimore, 1784, published in London, 
1785, 



214 TERRA MARIM. 

it is not at all surprising that cock-fighting, horse- 
racing, gambling and intemperance, should have 
been common among parishioners. 

Literature had few votaries. Some of the most 
active minds, were among the indented servants. 
The ^Esop of the Province, George Alsop, at 
the age of twenty-eight, wrote a description of 
Maryland, which was published with a portrait 
and some verses at London in 1666, and he de- 
clared that he was happier as an indented ser- 
vant in Maryland, than as an apprentice in that 
city. 

Occasionally there may be found in the English 
scientific and literary journals, a contribution 
from some of the educated citizens of the col- 
ony. Mr. Richard Lewis published a poem in 
the Gentleman's Magazine, called "A Journey 
from Patapsco to Annapolis, April 4, 1730," 
filled with beautiful pictures of the opening 
spring. His descriptions of the mocking-bird, 
humming-bird, and an April thunder-shower, 
are equal to any in the American pastorals of the 
present century. 1 

While there was a lack of the education of the 
schools, there was, however, that strong feeling 
of independence always engendered in commu- 
nities, which, by their own exertions, have sub- 
dued the wilderness and surrounded themselves 
with the necessaries of life. 



1 The poem in full is published in the Appendix. 



OPPRESSION OF ROMAN CATHOLICS. 215 

In the eighteenth, century, a large proportion 
of the freemen were natives of the province, 
and, as they had never witnessed the pomp of 
royalty, were not as much in awe of a King as 
their ancestors. Frequently the lower house of 
the Assembly intimated that the will of the peo- 
ple should be respected, and in 1722 they unani- 
mously resolved "that whoever shall advance 
that his Majesty's subjects, by their endeavors 
and success, have forfeited any part of their 
English liberties, are ill-wishers to the country, 
and mistake its happy constitution/' 

From the time that every male, white and 
black, also black women above the age of six- 
teen and under sixty, were each obliged to give 
yearly forty pounds of tobacco to support minis- 
ters of the Church of England, there had been a 
growing coldness upon the part of many toward 
the British Government. The Roman Catholics 
particularly were dissatisfied. Not only were 
they forced to pay a church tax and twice as 
much land tax as Protestants, but were debarred 
the privilege of voting and of holding offices of 
trust and profit. The injustice toward them was 
so great, that at one time the father of Charles 
Carroll, of Carrollton, commenced negotiations 
with the King of France for a tract of land on 
the Arkansas River, where he might retire with 
his fellow-religionists. Immediately after the 



21 6 TERRA MARINE. 

defeat of General Braddock, it was announced 
that several Roman Catholics had rejoiced that a 
priest had been seen on the frontier, in the dress 
of a French officer, and that they were in league 
with the negroes. The Rev. Mr. Chase, 1 Rector 
of St. Paul's Parish, in Baltimore County, de- 
clared that the situation of the Protestants of the 
province, was little different from those in Ire- 
land on the eve of the massacre. 

When, then, after the peace of 1763, the Stamp 
Act was passed, all of those in the colony op- 
posed to arbitrary impositions of any description 
coalesced, and heartily united in support of the 
doctrine that there should be no taxation without 
representation. 

The conservative Daniel Dulany, the leading 
lawyer, while not prepared to resort to arms, 
wrote one of the ablest pamphlets of the period 
on the impolicy of taxation, which was repub- 
lished in England, and earned for him the repu- 
tation of being the Pitt of Maryland. 2 Those 
that were not held by official relations to the 
Proprietary, 3 the Crown, or the Church of Eng- 



1 Formerly of Somerset County, and father of the distin- 
guished member of the Continental Congress, and colleague of 
Carroll. 

2 McMahon. 

3 The patronage of the Proprietary was very great. He had 
the appointment of — 



MARYLAND DELEGATES DECIDED. 217 

land, generally adopted the view that it was the 
right of the colonists to be exempted from par- 
liamentary taxation, and to regulate their inter- 
nal government and polity. The delegates sent 
to the Continental Congress in every respect 
were representative men. The judicious Stone, 
the descendant of the early colonial Governor, 
the clear and logical Paca, the polished Carroll, 
the fiery Chase, were such as could not but exert 
a powerful influence in the deliberations of the 
body of which they were members. They were 
firm from the beginning, and repudiated half- 
way measures, convinced that there never would 
be a settlement of the point in dispute, except 
through the shedding of blood. 

"We have completely written down our oppo- 
nents," said one to Carroll, during the discus- 
sions previous to the assembling of the first Con- 
gress. "Do you think that writing will settle 



Governor Salary £1550 

Commissary-General " 900 

Secretary " 800 

Six Naval Officers Each " 150 

Sheriffalty " " 200 

In 1744 there was also in the Proprietor's gift — 

Thirty-seven parishes Each 120 

If the clergy were once inducted no one could turn them out, 
no matter how scandalous their conduct, for there was no 
spiritual court, nor could any Bishop control, as the Proprietor 
was head of the Church. 

19 



218 TERRA MARIM. 

the question?" asked Carroll. "To be sure, 
what else can we resort to?" was the response. 
" The ba # yonet," was the quick and decided 
answer. Chase having heard that the Rev. Dr. 
Zubly, of Georgia, a delegate, was wavering, rose 
one morning in Congress and in a speech of start- 
ling eloquence denounced him as a traitor, and 
the result was, that the suspected man never 
again took his seat. 

The troops raised, caught the spirit of the elo- 
quent advocates of liberty, and Smallwood's Bri- 
gade, in the early days of the conflict, earned 
a reputation for Maryland soldiery, which has 
always been sustained. 

With the reconstruction of the State new reli- 
gious and political forces were developed. On 
one of the little creeks that form the head-waters 
of the Monocacy, not far from the place where 
Bacon, the Rector of All Saints' Parish, Fred- 
erick, had laboriously completed a folio of more 
than one thousand pages of the Laws of Mary- 
land, there lived a rough and honest backwoods- 
man, a recent emigrant from Ireland, named 
Robert Strawbridge. Filled with love for Christ, 
he bega?3 to preach in his primitive log-hut to 
the frontiersmen of the neighborhood, who 
knowing the purity of his life, and sincerity of 
purpose, heard him gladly. His circle of influ- 
ence increasing, he at last entirely devoted him- 
self to the work of the ministry, manifesting the 



RISE OF METHODISM. 219 

noblest self-denial, and was the instrument of 
the conversion of the first native Methodist 
preacher in America, and also the founder of 
Methodism in Baltimore. 

This form of religion seemed to be particularly 
adapted for the scattered settlements and worn- 
out parishes of Maryland. 1 The movement of 
the itinerants created as great an excitement as 
the preachers of the Society of Friends in the 
previous century, and the results of their efforts 
were more abiding. The work commenced by 
the pioneer of Sam's Creek was carried on by 
Asbury, who said: " The Lord is my witness, 
that if my whole body, yea, every hair of my 
head, will labor and suffer, they should be freely 
given up for God and souls." 

A new impulse was given to Methodism in 
1784 by a distinguished arrival from England. 
In the words of the London Quarterly Review, 
Asbury, "weary and worn by travel and preach- 



1 After the dissolution of church and state in Maryland, the 
Protestant Episcopal and Methodist Episcopal Churches, both 
outgrowths of the Church of England, commenced their career. 
The former succeeded to the forty or fifty parishes of the Colo- 
nial Church, and the prestige of a century ; the latter was with- 
out influence, and with many uneducated ministers. The census 
of 1860 states that there was then in Maryland : 

Protestant Episcopal Churches 158 

Methodist Episcopal Churches 541 



220 TERRA MARINE. 

ing, arrived on Sunday, during public worship, 
at his friend Barratt's chapel. What is it that 
so strangely affects this self-contained and melan- 
choly man, filling his eye with a strange light, 
causing the blood to crimson his pale and sombre 
face? There stands in the pulpit 'a man of 
small stature, ruddy complexion, 'brilliant eyes, 
long hair, feminine but musical voice, and gowned 
as an English clergyman.' With a beating heart, 
Asbury runs up the pulpit stairs, embraces him 
and kisses him before the whole congregation; 
for he is no other than Thomas Coke, LL.D., 
the man perhaps of smallest stature and largest 
heart that Methodism ever knew. He came 
direct from Wesley to cheer the heart of the 
lonely laborer, and to effect the most momen- 
tous revolution in American Methodism. He 
had been ordained ' Bishop ' by Wesley just be- 
fore his departure, and was in fact, despite all 
that high churchmen may object, the first Prot- 
estant bishop of the western hemisphere." 

Many laymen, tired of the husks of religion, 
upheld those who seemed to diffuse its essence, 
and Richard Bassett, a descendant of the Hugue- 
nots, whose country seat was on Bohemia Manor, 
a member of the convention that framed the 
Constitution of the United States, Senator in 
Congress, and father-in-law of Bayard, one of 
the peace commissioners at Ghent, became a 



COKE VISITS WASHINGTON. 221 

preacher of the Society, and like the Roman cen- 
turion, huilt a synagogue at his own expense. 

Asbury and Coke, wherever they went, com- 
manded respect, for they were not "mean men" 
in any sense. Though they exposed themselves 
to many hardships, and in the saddle rode over 
mountains and through forests, and preached in 
barns and the open air, to the bond as well as 
the free, yet they were not ignorant of the amen- 
ities of life. 

Coke has left an interesting description' of a 
visit to Washington, at Mount Vernon. "He 
received us very politely, and was very open to 
access. He is quite the plain country gentle- 
man. After dinner we desired a private inter- 
view, and opened to him the grand business on 
which we came, presenting to him our petition 
for the emancipation of the negroes, and entreat- 
ing his signature, if the eminence of his station 
did not render it inexpedient for him to sign any 
petition. He informed us that he was of our 
sentiments, and had signified his thoughts on 
the subject to most of the great men of the State; 
that he did not see it proper to sign the petition, 
but if the Assembly took it into consideration, 
would signify his sentiments to the Assembly by 
a letter. He asked us to spend the evening and 
lodge at his house, but our engagement at An- 
napolis, the following day, would not admit." 

19* 



222 TERRA MA RLE. 

Xot unmindful of the cause of learning, Coke 
and Asbury planned a college, and the latter laid 
its corner-stone in June, 1785, at Abingdon, 
twenty-five miles from Baltimore. It was called 
Cokesbury, a compound formed from the names 
of its projectors. The college edifice when com- 
pleted was large and sightly, its curriculum ex- 
tensive, including mathematics, Greek, Latin, 
and Hebrew, and at one period seventy students 
were enrolled. After an expenditure of more 
than forty thousand dollars, the library and build- 
ing were entirely destroyed by fire, having had 
a brief existence often years. 

The r^olution in politics was as strange and 
sudden as that in religion. Successors were 
found to carry on the bold measures inaugurated 
during the war for Independence. Chase, at- 
tending the deliberations of a youth's debating 
society in Baltimore, was much impressed by 
the remarks of a "poor and friendless" 1 lad, 
who was a clerk in an apothecary store, and a 
student of medicine. He made his acquaint- 
ance, commended and encouraged him to stud\ 
law in his office. 

At the age of twenty-four, the now young law- 
yer, who had settled in Harford County, became 
a member of the Legislature, and in 1789, during 



1 Pinkney's description of himself, in a lot tor to Chase. 



ELOQUENT WILLIAM PINKNET. 223 

a debate on a bill regulating the manumission of 
slaves, delivered a speech which electrified his 
colleagues, and rendered the hitherto obscure 
name of William Pinkney familiar among the 
statesmen and philanthropists of America and 
Great Britain. His sentences were polished, and 
keen as the damascus blade. His voice was flex- 
ible and musical, but his eloquent denunciation 
of the system that had checked the prosperity of 
the land he loved, caused him to appear to the 
apologists of slavery like a destroying or aveng- 
ing angel. 

His words were as tongues of flame. A few 
only can be given in this brief sketch. **' Iniqui- 
tous and most dishonorable is that dreary sys- 
tem of partial bondage, which her laws have 
hitherto supported with a solicitude worthy of a 
better cause. * * * * Eternal infamy awaits 
the abandoned miscreants, whose selfish souls 
could ever prompt them to rob unhappy Afric of 
her sons, and freight them hither by thousands, 
to poison the fair Eden of liberty with the rank 
weed of individual bondage ! 

"iSTor is it more to the credit of our ancestors, 
that they did not command these savage spoilers 
to bear their hateful cargo to some other shore. 
* * * Never will your country be produc- 
tive; never will its agriculture, its commerce, or 
its manufactures flourish, so long as they are de- 



224 TERRA MARIJE. ' 

pendent upon reluctant bondsmen for their prog- 
ress. 'Even the very earth itself,' says Mon- 
tesquieu, 'which teems profusion under the 
cultivating hand of the freeborn laborer, shrinks 
into barrenness from the contaminating sweat of 
a slave.' 

" But it has been said, that nature has black- 
balled these wretches out of society. Gracious 
God! can it be supposed that thy Almighty 
Providence intended to proscribe these victims 
of fraud and power from the pale of society, be- 
cause thou hast denied them the delicacy of an 
European complexion ! * * * * But another 
objection occurs, which may deserve a more par- 
ticular reply, because against that, there can be 
no adequate provision. Testators may impover- 
ish their families, by inconsiderate manumission 
in their last sickness. They may be frightened 
by preachers, refined moralists, and others, when 
the mind is easily alarmed, and "incapable of its 
moral resistance. 

"I answer, that if emancipation can be effected 
with the owner's consent, while his understand- 
ing is legally competent to the act, I care not 
through what medium, fraud excepted. Should 
he reduce his family to beggary by it, I should 
not be the one to repine at the deed. I should 
glory in the cause of their distress, while I 
wished them a more honest patrimony." 



DECLINE OF SAINT MARY. 225 

These opinions, when read in the planters' 
homes, startled the old regime into indignation; 
they appeared atrocious and revolutionary to 
those who had been trained to believe that the 
greatest slaveholder was the greatest gentleman 
of the land, and the name of William Pinkney 
was by such execrated; but the new element of 
society saw in him the brilliant orator, the sound 
statesman, the high-toned philanthropist, and 
thev delighted in manifesting their esteem. 

Although there had been an advance in soci- 
ety, after the close of the war of the Revolution, 
there was yet a deluded class continually sighing 
for the good old colony times, when commerce 
was restricted, political privileges few, ignorance 
rife, and religion in charge of hirelings. 

The Golden Age many believed was in the 
era of the Baltimores, and that the reign of 
Maryland gentlemen had been succeeded by the 
rude sway of German, Scotch, and Irish traders 
on the shores of the Patapsco. 

The revolution of 1689 developed new ideas 
and energies, which crystallized around Annapo- 
lis, and obscured Saint Mary, which from that 
time continually dwindled, and was only attract- 
ive to those who lived on the reputation of their 
ancestors, and clung to forms and theories sim- 
ply because they were ancient. 

The adoption of the Constitution of the United 



226 



TERRA MARIJE. 



States, in 1789, imparted fresh life to Maryland. 
Annapolis now became the seat of the old 
rdgime, while the City of Baltimore arose, the 
centre of new thoughts, and the depot of the 
produce of the western counties, rapidly devel- 
oping under free labor. Hither the young, the 
energetic, the educated resorted, and white- 
winged commerce, in fleet clippers, bore its 
name to every clime. 




CHAPTER EIGHTH. 




THE LORDS BALTIMORE AND PROPRIETARIES. 

HE materials are so meagre, that it is 
almost impossible to prepare a sketch 
of the Lords Baltimore and Proprieta- 
ries of .Maryland. 

George, First Lord Baltimore, 

was in talent, and in every respect, the head of 
the family. As early as 1603, was M. P. for 
Bossiney, in Cornwall; in 1621, for York; and 
in 1624, for Oxford University. In addition to 
the notices of his career in the first chapter, it 
may be mentioned that Samuel Calvert, a cor- 
respondent of one of the statesmen of that era, 
in a letter of April sixth, 1605, writes that 
" George Calvert hath good favor with his Lord- 
ship (Robert Cecil), and is diligent enough." 
In 1606 he was Prothonotary and Keeper of the 
Rolls in Connaught, Ireland. Winwood, as Am- 
bassador to the States, had sent over to England 
a copy of Vorstius on the "Attributes of the 
Deity," with the remark that there was " matter 

(227) 



228 TERRA MARINE. 

enough in it for a wit that hath either spirit or 
courage." King James, believing himself such. 
a wit, with the aid of Calvert, as has already 
been narrated, wrote a reply to the book. 

A friend by the name of John More, writes 
to Win wood, on January first, 1611-12: 

"According to your Lordship's, command, it 
hath been my business to inform myself what 
construction is made of your late proceedings in 
the affair of Vorstius, which by general report I 
understand to have been exceedingly well liked 
by his Majesty, and Mr. George Calvert, falling 
of himself upon the subject at his house, whither 
I went with my wife, on a visit unto him and 
his, told me that the King had publicly declared 
that, in all the course of this business, Win wood 
hath done secundum cor meum." 

On the eighteenth of February, 1622-3, King 
James granted to Sir George Calvert, in the 
County of Longford, Ireland, 2304 acres of arable 
and pasture land, and 1605 of bog and wood 
land, to be holden by knight's service. Two 
years later he was made Baron of Baltimore; 
and on March the eleventh, 1624-5, these lands 
were granted to him in fee simple, in free and 
common socage, as of the Castle of Dublin. 

On Ma} T the twenty-ninth, 1625, King Charles 
writes to Lord Deputy Falkland: 

"Bight trusty and well-beloved cousin and 
counsellor, we greet you well : Whereas, our 



CHILDREN OF GEORGE BALTIMORE. 229 

right trusty and well-beloved, the Lord Balti- 
more, hath acquainted us with his purpose to 
repair into that kingdom to reside there for some 
time; being an eminent person and a nobleman 
of that kingdom, we have thought good by these 
our gracious letters to recommend him to your 
special favor, requiring you not only to give him 
all lawful assistance and good expedition in such 
occasions as he shall have there, but also to re- 
spect him according to his quality and degree, 
and as one who is parted from us with our 
princely approbation and in our good grace." 

On the eighth of August, 1622, his wife died. 
He survived until April fifteenth, 1632. 

Children of George Lord Baltimore and Anne his 

Wife. 

Cecilius, successor to the title. 

Leonard, Keeper of the Rolls at Connaught from 
1621 to 1626. Captain of a privateer off the 
coast of Newfoundland in 1629. Governor 
of Maryland in 1634, and died at Saint Mary 
on June ninth, 1647, without issue. 

George, came to Maryland with Leonard, but is 
said to have settled in Virginia, where he 
probably died in 1667. 

Francis, died in youth. 

Henry. 

Anna, married William Peasley, and lived in 
London. 

20 



230 TERRA MARIJS. 

Dorothy. 

Elizabeth. 

Grace, married Sir Robert Talbot, of Jul dare, 

Ireland. 
Helen. 
John, died in youth. 

Illegitimate Issue. 
Philip Calvert, Governor of Maryland. 

Cectlius, Second Lord Baltimore, 

before his father's death, was married to Anna, 
a daughter of Earl Arundel, who died at the 
age of thirty-four years, in 1649. Cecil was a 
member of Parliament in the year 1634. He 
did not possess the talent of his father, but was 
exceedingly politic. The following letter, writ- 
ten by him on May sixteenth, 1634, to Went- 
worth, Earl of Strafford, when Lord Deputy of 
Ireland, is preserved in the Strafford Dispatches : 

" My Most Honored Lord : 

" Since my return hither to London, out of 
the country, which was about a week since, I 
had the honor to receive your Lordship's letter 
of the twentieth of April, wherein I perceive 
neither distance of place, nor greatness of em- 
ployment, can any whit diminish that noble and 
true affection, which you have long professed, 
and many times very really testiiied to my 
father's family. 



LETTER OF CECILIUS BALTIMORE. 231 

" Such an heroick virtue as that is, in your 
Lordship, can seek no recompense, but for itself, 
for it is much above all other means of requital ; 
yet, my Lord, I will not omit the daily sacrifice 
of my endeavours to do your Lordship all faith- 
ful service, wherever I am, in perpetual hope of 
meeting some good occasion to testify my grati- 
tude unto you, and that I may thereby in this 
particular confirm unto the world the greatness 
of your Lordship's judgment, as well as that 
other virtue of your goodness, in planting so 
much of your affection on me. I do most hum- 
bly thank your Lordship for your noble favours 
to my brother Talbot, and my sister his wife. 
They have let me understand that your Lord- 
ship hath amply performed, what you were 
pleased to promise me at St. Albans in their be- 
half. My Lord, I have many occasions from 
your Lordship to remember my dear Father, 
and now I do not want one, for I must confess I 
never knew any man have that way of doing 
favour unto others, with that advantage to them- 
selves that your Lordship hath and he had." 

Cecilius died on November thirtieth, 1675, and 
was succeeded by his son, 

Charles, Third Lord Baltimore. 

Charles became Governor of Maryland in 
1661 ; married Jane, the widow of Hon. Henry 
Sewall, of Mattapany, on the Patuxent, and 



232 TERRA MARIjE. 

built "a fair house of brick," eight miles by 
land from Saint Mary. 

After the death of his father, he visited Eng- 
land, but returned to Maryland, and while in the 
province had several interviews with William 
Penn. In 1684, he went back to England, and 
died on February twentieth, 1714, at the ad- 
vanced age of eighty-four years. He was buried 
m St. Pan eras' Church, Middlesex. He is said 
to have married three times. 

The title and province became the possession 
of his son, 

Benedict Leonard, Fourth Lord Baltimore. 

Benedict Leonard was married on January 
second, 1698, to Lady Charlotte Fitzroy, daugh- 
ter of the Earl of Litchfield, and grandchild of 
her whom Macaulay calls " the superb and vo- 
luptuous" Barbara Palmer, Duchess of Cleve- 
land, 'and favorite mistress of Charles the Sec- 
ond. Until September, 1705, he lived with his 
wife, and had four sons and two daughters, but, 
following in the footsteps of her grandmother, 
a separation took place, and in 1710 he peti- 
tioned the House of Lords " to bastardize " her 
illegitimate issue. " Seduced by ambition and 
the efforts of the Queen of England," says Mc- 
Sherry, " and sustained against his father's op- 
position by a royal pension, he abandoned his 
faith to advance his fortunes." On January 



CHARLES, THE FIFTH BALTIMORE. 233 

thirteenth, 1713, he publicly embraced the Prot- 
estant religion. Held the title of Lord Balti- 
more but little more than a year, and died on 
April sixteenth, 1715. 

Children of Benedict Leonard Baltimore and his 
Wife Charlotte. 

Charles, successor to the title. 

Benedict Leonard, M. P. for Harwich, in Essex ; 
Governor of Maryland, 1727. Died at sea, 
on his way to England, in 1732, and with- 
out issue. 

Edward Henry; in 1728, Commissary-General 
and President of the Council of Maryland. 
Died without issue. 

Cecil, died without issue, in 1765. 

Charlotte, married Thomas Brerewood, Esq. 

Jane. 

Charles, Fifth Lord Baltimore, 

was born September twenty-ninth, 1699. He 
married on July twentieth, 1730, Mary, daughter 
of Sir Theodore Jansen. On January twenty- 
seventh, 1731, was appointed gentleman of the 
bed-chamber to Frederick, Prince of Wales; and 
on December the tenth a fellow of the Royal 
Society ; was a man of culture, pleasing address, 
and elegant person, as the following poem in the 
Gentleman's Magazine of 1731, indicates: 

20* 



234 TERRA MARIJhj. 

44 By heaven exalted, by your Prince caressed ; 
By nature favored, and by fortune blessed : 
Complete in person, in address polite, 
Fashion'd to please, to polish and delight, 
Courteous to all, beneficent and good, 
The best and purest marks of noblest blood, 
True friend to science, and in taste refined; 
To every study, every art inclined; 
By all advantages of mind improved ;• 
Admired, honored, courted, and beloved." 

In 1732 he visited the Province of Maryland, 
and, returning in 1734, was elected a member of 
Parliament from St. Germain in Cornwall. From 
1741 to 1747, he represented the County of Sur- 
rey, and died April twenty-third, 1751, aged fifty- 
two years. His wife survived until 1769. 

Children of Charles Baltimore and Mary his Wife. 

Frederick, successor to the title. 

Louisa, married John Browning, Esq., and died 
at Horton Lodge, in 1821, at the great age 
of eighty-eight years. 

Caroline, married Robert Eden, who was Gover- 
nor of Maryland from 1769 until 1776, when 
he was obliged by the populace, to return 
to England. He returned after the war, 
soon died, and was buried under the pulpit 
of an Episcopal Church, on the north side 
of the Severn, two or three miles from An- 
napolis. 

Illegitimate Issue. 

Benjamin, called Benedict Calvert. 



THE LAST LOBB BALTIMORE. 235 

Frederick, the last Lord Baltimore, 

was born in 1731, and married Lady Diana 
Egerton, youngest daughter of Scroope, Duke of 
Bridgewater, who died in 1758, from injuries 
received by the upsetting of her carriage. He 
was sorely afflicted with "eacoeth.es scribendi," 
and in the Congressional Library is one of his 
books styled "A Tour to the East, in the years 
1763 and 1764, with remarks on the City of Con- 
stantinople and the Turks. By F. Lord Balti- 
more. London, 1767." 

The work is destitute of all pith. Walpole 
says "his bills on the road for post-horses would 
deserve as much to be printed. His book proves 
a well-known truth, that a man may travel with- 
out observation, and be an author without ideas." 
The Monthly Review of 1767 is still more se- 
vere in its criticism. 

In 1768 he excited the indignation of the up- 
right, and the ridicule of the rough portion of 
the London populace, by conspiring and forcibly 
abducting a beautiful and virtuous milliner girl. 
He was indicted for the offence, but acquitted ; 
yet public opinion made it pleasant for him to 
leave the country. 

No one can read the reports of the trial with- 
out having a hearty contempt for the man, and 
the following titles of a few of the poems, pas- 
quinades, and exposures, issued within a period 



236 TERRA MARIJE. 

of a few months, evince the great excitement 
that prevailed : 

" Memoirs of the Seraglio of the Bashaw of 
Maryland, by a discarded Sultana." 

"Letter to Lord B , with an Address to 

the town." 

"The History of a late infamous adventure 
between a great man and fair citizen." 

"The Rape, a poem, humbly inscribed to the 
ladies." 

"Remarks on a pamphlet entitled an Apolo- 
gist for Lord B ." 

" Observations on a debate, made at a late 
evening's debate, at one of the Disputing Socie- 
ties of .this Metropolis, in their decision of the 
ravishing question, with suitable remarks." 

" The Plain Question, Was she ravished or 
not?" 

"No Rape, an Epistle from a Lord's favorite 
Mistress to Miss ." 

"A Letter on the behavior of the populace on 
a late occasion in the procedure against a noble 
Lord." 

" The Trial of Frederick Calvert, Esq., Baron 
of Baltimore, in the Kingdom of Ireland, for a 
rape on the body of Sarah Woodson. Published 
by permission of the Judge." 

" The Theory and Practice of Rapes, investi- 
gated and illustrated in an address to Lord Bal- 
timore, and Miss Woodson." 



THE LAST LORD BALTIMORE. 237 

Seeking retirement from his infamy, he pub- 
lished at Augsburg, in 1769, "Gaudia Poetica," a 
thin quarto of prose and poetry, dedicated toLin- 
naeus, the botanist, which is celebrated not only 
for its insipidity but great rarity, always bring- 
ing a good price when exposed for sale. In 1771 
he published another work, " Ccelestes et Inferi," 
at Venice. In the State Library of New York 
there is a copy of each. 

At the age of forty, he died in Italy, in 1771, 
without lawful issue, and the title became ex- 
tinct. He left his property to an illegitimate 
son, Henry Harford ,. Esq., a name perpetuated 
by a County of Maryland, with a reversion to 
Mrs. "Windham, Mr. Harford's sister, who was 
first clandestinely married to Mr. Morris and 
divorced. 

As George was the first, wisest, and best, so 
Frederick was the last, weakest, and worst of the 

Barons of Baltimore, 





Appendix. 




A Journey from Patapsco in Maryland to 
Annapolis, April ^.tb, 1730. 1 

T length the wintry Horrors disappear, 

And April views with Smiles the infant year ; 
(The grateful Earth from frosty Chains un- 
bound, 
Pours out its ver-nal Treasures all around, 
Her Face bedeckt with grass, with buds the Trees arc 

crown'd,) 
In this soft season, 'ere the Dawn of Day, 
I mount my Horse, and lonely take my Way, 
From woody Hills that shade Patapsko's Head, 
(In whose deep Yales he makes his stony Bed, 
From whence he rushes with resistless Force, 
Tho' huge rough Rocks retard his rapid course,) 



1 The spelling, capital, and italicized letters are copied from 
the poem as it appears in volume second of the Gentleman's 
Magazine. 

( 239 ) 



240 A JOURNEY FROM 

Down to Annapolis, on the smooth Stream 
Which took from the fair Anne- Arundel its Name. 

And now the Star* that ushers in the Day, 
" Begins to pale her ineffectual Ray. 
The Moon, with blunted Horns, now shines less bright. 
Her fading Face eclips'd with growing light ; 
The fleecy Clouds with streaky Lustre glow, 
And Day quits Heav'n to view the Earth below. 
O'er yon tall Pines the Sun shews half his Face, 
And fires their floating Foliage with his Rays ; 
Now sheds aslant on Earth his lightsome Beams, 
That trembling shine in many colour'd Streams ; 
Slow-rising from the Marsh, the Mist recedes, 
The Trees, emerging, rear their dewy Heads ; 
Their dewy Heads the Sun with Pleasure views, 
And brightens into Pearls the pendent Dews. 

The Beasts uprising, quit their leafy Beds, 
And to the cheerful Sun erect their Heads ; 
All joyful rise, except the filthy Swine, 
On obscene Litter stretch'd they snore supine : 
In vain the Day awakes, Sleep seals their Eyes, 
Till Hunger breaks the Band and bids them rise. 
Mean while the Sun with more exalted Ray, 
From cloudless Skies distributes riper Day ; 
Thro' sylvan Scenes my Journey I pursue, 
Ten thousand Beauties rising to my Yiew ; 
Which kindle in my Breast poetic Flame, 
And bid me ni}^ Creator's Praise proclaim ; 
Tho' my low Verse ill-suits the noble Theme. 

* Venus. 



PATAP8C0 TO ANNAPOLIS. v»41 

Here various Flow'rets grace the teeming Plains, 
Adorn'd by Nature's Hand with beauteous strains, 
First-born of Spring, here the Pagone appears, 
Whose golden Root a silver Blossom rears. 
In spreading Tufts, see the Crowfoot blue, 
On whose green Leaves still shines a globous Dew ; 
Behold the Cinque-foil, with its dazling Dye 
Of flaming yellow, wounds the tender Eye : 
But there, enclos'd the grassy Wheat is seen, 
To heal the aching sight with cheerful Green. 

Safe in yon Cottage dwells the Monarch Swain, 
His Subject Flocks, close-grazing, hide the Plain ; 
For him they live ; and die t' uphold his Reign. 
"Viands unbought his well-till'd Lands afford, 
And smiling Plenty waits upon his Board ; 
Health shines with sprightly Beams around his Head, 
And Sleep, with downy Wings o'er-shades his Bed, 
His Sons robust his daily Labours share, 
Patient of Toil, Companions of his care : 
And all their Toils with sweet Success are crown'd. 
In graceful Ranks there Trees adorn the Ground 
The Peach, the Plum, the Apple, here are found ; 
Delicious Fruits ! Which from their Kernels rise, 
So fruitful is the Soil — so mild the Skies. 
The lowly Quince yon sloping Hill o'er-shades, 
Here lofty Cherry- Trees erect their Heads ; 
High in the Air each spiry Summit waves, 
Whose Blooms thick-springing yield no Space for 

Leaves ; 
Evolving Odours fill the ambient air, 
The Birds delighted to the Grove repair : 

21 



242 A JOURNEY FN 031 

On ev'ry Tree behold a tuneful Throng, 
The vocal Tallies echo to their song. 

But what is He* who perch'd above the rest, 
Pours out such various Musick from his Breast ! 
His Breast, whose Plumes a cheerful White display, 
His quiv'ring Wings are dress'd in sober Grey. 
Sure, all the Muses, this their Bird inspire ! 
And He, alone, is equal to the Choir ; 
Of warbling Songsters who around him play, 
While, Echo like, He answers ev'ry Lay. 
The chirping Lark now sings with sprightly Note, 
Responsive to her Strain He shapes his Throat, 
Now the poor widow'd Turtle wails her mate, 
While in soft Sounds He cooes to mourn his Fate. 
Oh sweet Musician, thou dost far excel 
The soothing Song of pleasing Philomel! 
Sweet is her Song, but in few Notes confin'd ; 
But thine, thou Mimic of the feath'ry Kind, 
Runs thro' all Notes ! Thou only know'st them All, 
At once the Copy and th' Original. 
My Ear thus charm'd, my Eye with Pleasure sees 
Hov'ring about the Flow'rs th' industrious Bees. 
Like them in size, the Humming- Bird I view, 
Like them, He sucks his Food, the Honey Dew, 
With nimble Tongue, and Beak of Jetty Hue. 
He takes with rapid Whirl his noisy Flight, 
His gemmy Plumage strikes the Gazer's Sight, 
And as he moves his ever-flutt'ring Wings, 
Ten thousand Colours he around him flings. 

* The Mock-Bird. 



PATAPSCO TO ANNAPOLIS. 243 

Now I behold the Em'rald's vivid Green, 
Now scarlet, now a purple Die is seen ; 
In brightest Biue, his Breast He now arrays, 
Then strait his Plumes emit a golden Blaze. 
Thus whirring round he flies, and varying still, 
He mocks the Poet's and the Painter's skill ; 
"Who may for ever strive with fruitless Pains, 
To catch and fix those beauteous changeful Stains ; 
While Scarlet now, and now the Purple shines, 
And Gold to Blue its transient Gloss resigns. 
Each quits, and quickly each resumes its Place, 
And ever- varying Dies each other chase 
Smallest of Birds, what Beauties shine in thee ! 
A living Rainbow on thy Breast I see. 
Oh had that Bard* in whose heart-pleasing Lines, 
The Phoenix in a Blaze of Glory shines, 
Beheld those Wonders which are shewn in Thee, 
That Bird had lost his Immortality ! 
Thou in His verse hadst stretch'd thy fluttering Wing 
Above all other Birds, their beauteous King. 
But now th' enclos'd Plantation I forsake, 
And onwards thro'.the Woods my Journey take; 
The level Road, the longsome Way beguiles, 
A blooming Wilderness around me smiles; 
Here hard Oak, there fragrant Hick'ry grows, 
Their bursting Buds the tender Leaves disclose ; 
The tender Leaves in downy Robes appear, 
Trembling, they seem to move with cautious Fear, 
Yet new to Life, and Strangers to the Air. 

* Claudian. 



244 A JOURNEY FROM 

Here stately Pines unite their whisp'ring Heads, 

And with a solemn Gloom embrown the Glades. 

See there a green Savdna opens wide, 

Thro' which smooth Streams in wanton Mazes glide; 

Thick-branching Shrubs o'erhang the silver Streams, 

Which scarcely deign t' admit the solar Beams. 

While with Delight on this soft Scene I gaze, 

The Cattle upward look, and cease to graze, 

But into covert run thro' various Ways. 

And now the Clouds in black Assemblage rise, 

And dreary Darkness overspreads the Skies, 

Thro' which the Sun strives to transmit his Beams, 

" But sheds his sickly Light in straggling Streams. 

Hush'd is the Music of the wood-land Choir, 

Fore-knowing of the Storm, the Birds retire 

For Shelter, and forsake the shrubby Plains, 

And a dumb Horror thro' the Forest reigns ; 

In that lone House which opens wide its Door, 

Safe may I tarry till the Storm is o'er. 

Hark how the Thunder rolls with solemn Sound ! 

And see the forceful Lightning dart a Wound 

On yon tall Oak ! Behold its Top laid bare 1 

Its Body rent, and scatter'd thro' the Air 

The Splinters fly ! Now — now the Winds arise, 

From different Quarters of the low'ring Skies ; 

Forth-issuing fierce, the West and South engage, 

The waving Forest bends beneath their Rage : 

But where the winding Valley checks their course, 

They roar and ravage with redoubled Force ; 

With circling Sweep in dreadful Whirlwinds move 

And from its Roots tear up the gloomy Grove, 



PAT APS GO TO ANNAPOLIS. 245 

Down-rushing fall the Trees, and beat the Ground, 
In Fragments flie the shatter'd Limbs around ; 
Tremble the Under-Woods, the Yales resound. 
Follows, with patt'ring Noise, the icy Hail, 
And Rain, fast falling floods the lowly Yale. 
Again the Thunders roll, the Lightnings fly, 
And as they first disturb 'd, now clear the Sky ; 
For lo, the Gust decreases by Degrees, 
The dying Winds but sob amidst the Trees ; 
With pleasing Softness falls the silver Rain, 
Thro' which at first faint-gleaming o'er the Plain, 
The Orb of Light scarce darts a watry Ray 
To gild the Drops that fall from ev'ry Spray ; 
But soon the dusky Vapours are dispell'd, 
And thro' the Mist that late his Face conceal'd, 
Burst the broad Sun triumphant in a Blaze 
Too keen for Sight— Yon Cloud refracts his Rays, 
The mingling Beams compose th' ethereal Bow, 
How sweet, how soft, its melting Colours glow ! 
Gaily they shine, by heav'nly Pencils laid, 
Yet vanish swift, How soon does Beauty fade ! 

The Storm is past, my Journey I renew, 
And a new Scene of Pleasure greets my view : 
Wash'd by the copious Rain the gummy Pine, 
Does cheerful, with unsully'd Verdure shine ! 
The Dogwood Flow'rs assume a snowy white, 
The Maple blushing gratifies the Light : 
No verdant Leaves the lovely Red-Bud grace, 
Carnation Blossoms now supply their Place. 
The Sassafras unfolds its fragrant Bloom, 
The Vine affords an exquisite Perfume ; 

21* 



246 A JOURNEY FROM 

These grateful Scents wide wafting thro' the Air 

The smelling Sense with balmy Odours cheer. 

And now the Birds, sweet singing stretch their Throats, 

And in one Choir unite their various Notes, 

Nor yet unpleasing is the Turtle's Yoice, 

Tho' he complains while other Birds rejoice. 

These vernal Joys, all restless Thoughts controul, 

And gently-soothing calm the troubled Soul 

While such Delights my senses entertain, 

I scarce perceive that I left the Plain; 

'Till now the Summit of a Mount I gain : 

Low at whose sandy Base the River glides, 

Slow-rolling near their Height his languid Tides ; 

Shade above Shade, the Trees in Rising Ranks, 

Cloath with eternal Green his steepy Banks : 

The Flood, well pleas'd, reflects their verdant Gleam 

From the smooth Mirror of his limpid Stream. 

But see the Hawk, who with acute Survey, 

Tow'ring in Air predestinates his Prey 

Amid the Floods ! Down dropping from on high. 

He strikes the Fish, and bears him thro' the Sky. 

The Stream disturb'd, no longer shews the Scene 

That lately Stain'd its silver Waves with green ; 

In spreading Circles roll the troubled Floods, 

And to the Shores bear off the pictur'd Woods. 

Now looking round I view the out-stretch'd Land, 

O'er which the Sight exerts a wide Command ; 

The fertile Vallies, and the naked Hills, 

The Cattle feeding near the chrystal Rills ; 

The Lawns wide-op'ning to the sunny Ray, 

And mazy thickets that exclude the Day. 



PATAPSCO TO ANNAPOLIS. 247 

A-while the Eye is pleas'd these Scenes to trace, 
Then hurrying o'er the intermediate Space, 
Far-distant Mountains drest in Blue appear, 
And all their Woods are left in empty Air. 
The Sun near setting now arrays his Head 
In milder Beams, and lengthens ev'ry Shade. 
The rising Clouds usurping on the Day 
A bright Variety of Dies display ; 
About the wide Horizon swift they fly, 
And chase a Change of Colours round the Sk} r : 
And now I view but half the flaming Sphere, 
Now one faint Glimmer shoots along the Air, 
Now all his golden Glories disappear. 

Onwards the Evening moves in Habit grey, 
And for his Sister Night prepares the Way. 
The plumy people seek their secret Nests, 
To Rest repair the ruminating Beasts. 
Now deep'ning Shades confess th' approach of Night, 
Imperfect Images elude the Sight : 
From earthly Objects I remove mine Eye, 
And view with Look erect the vaulted Sky ; 
Where dimly shining now the Stars appear, 
At first thin-scatt'ring thro' the misty Air ; 
Till Night confirm 'd, her jetty Throne ascends, 
On her the Moon in clouded State attends, 
But soon unveil 'd her lovely Face is seen ; 
And Stars unnumber'd wait around their Queen ; 
Rang'd by their Maker's Hand in just Array, 
They march majestic thro' th' ethereal Way. 
Are these bright Luminaries hung on high 
Only to please with twinkling Rays our Eye ? 



248 A JOURNEY FROM 

Or may we rather count each Star a Sun, 

Round which full peopled Worlds their courses run ? 

Orb above Orb harmoniously they steer 

Their various Voyages thro' Seas of Air. 

Snatch me some Angel to those high Abodes, 

The Seats perhaps of Saints and Demigods ! 

Where such as bravely scorn'd the galling Yoke 

Of vulgar Error, and her Fetters broke ; t 

Where Patriots, who to fix the publick Good, 

In Fields of Battle sacrific'd their Blood ; 

Where pious Priests, who Charity proclaim'd, 

And Poets whom a virtuous Muse enflam'd, 

Philosophers who strove to mend our Hearts, 

And such as polished Life with useful Arts, 

Obtain a Place ; wl*en by the Hand of Death 

Touch'd, they retire from this poor Speck of Earth ; 

Their Spirits freed from bodily alloy 

Perceive a Fore-taste of that endless Joy, 

Which from Eternity hath been prepar'd, 

To crown their Labours with a vast Reward. 

While to these Orbs my wand'ring Thoughts aspire, 

A falling Meteor shoots his lambent Fire ; 

Thrown from the heav'nly Space he seeks the Earth, 

From whence he first deriv'd his humble Birth. 

The Mind advis'd by this instructive Sight, 
Descending sudden from th' aerial Height, 
Obliges me to view a different Scene, 
Of more Importance to myself, tho' mean. 
These distant Objects I no more pursue, 
But turning inward my reflective View, 
My working Fancy helps me to survey 
In the just Picture of this April Day. 



PATAPSCO TO ANNAPOLIS. 249 

My life o'erpast, a Course of thirty Years 

Blest with few joys, perplex'd with num'rous Cares. 

In the dim Twilight of our Infancy, 
Scarce can the Eye surrounding Objects see. 
Then thoughtless Childhood leads us pleas'd and gay, 
In Life's fair Morning thro' a flow'ry Way : 
The Youth in Schools inquisitive of Good, 
Science pursues thro' Learning's mazy Wood ; 
Whose lofty Trees, he, to his Grief perceives, 
Are often bare of Fruit, and only fill'd with Leaves; 
Thro' lonely Wilds his tedious Journey lies, 
At last a brighter Prospect cheers his Eyes ; 
Now the gay Fields of Poetry he views, 
And joyous listens to the tuneful Muse ; 
Now History affords him vast Delight, 
And opens lovely Landscapes to his Sight : 
But ah ! too soon this Scene of Pleasure flies ! 
And o'er his Head tempestuous Troubles rise. 
He hears the Thunders roll, he feels the Rains, 
Before a friendly shelter he obtains ; 
And thence beholds with Grief the furious Storm 
The noon-tide Beauties of his Life deform ; 
He views the painted Bow in distant Skies ; 
Hence, in his Heart some Gleams of Comfort riso ; 
He hopes the Gust has almost spent its Force, 
And that he safely may pursue his Course. 
Thus far my Life does with the Day agree, 
Oh ! may its coming Stage from Storms be free, 
While passing thro' the World's most private Way, 
With Pleasure I my Maker's Works survey ; 
With in my Heart let Peace a Dwelling find, 
Let my Goodwill extend to all Mankind: 



250 ^ JOURNEY FROM 

Freed from Necessity, and blest with Health ; 
Give me Content, let others toil for Wealth. 
In busy Scenes of Life let me exert 
A careful Hand, and wear an honest Heart; 
And suffer me my leisure Hours to spend, 
With chosen Books, or a well-natur'd Friend. 
Thus journeying on, as I advance in Age 
May I look back with Pleasure on my Stage ; 
And as the setting Sun withdrew his Light 
To rise on other Worlds serene and bright, 
Cheerful may I resign my vital Breath, 
Nor anxious tremble at th' approach of Death ; 
Which shall (I hope) but strip me of my Clay, 
And to a better World my Soul convey. 

Thus musing, I my silent Moments spend, 
Till to the River's Margin I descend, 
From whence I may discern my Journey's End : 
Annapolis adorns its further Shore, * 

To which the Boat attends to bear me o'er. 
And now the moving Boat the Flood divides, 
While the Stars "tremble on the floating Tides," 
Pleas'd with the Sight, again I raise mine Eye 
To the bright Glories of the azure Sky ; 
And while these Works of God's creative Hand, 
The Moon and Stars, that move at his Command, 
Obedient thro' their circling Course on high, 
Employ my Sight, Struck with amaze I cry, 
Almighty Lord! Whom Heav'n and Earth proclaim, 
The Author of their universal Frame, 
Wilt thou vouchsafe to view the Son of Man, 
The Creature, who but Yesterday began, 
Thro' animated Clay to draw his Breath, 
To-morrow doom'd a Prey to ruthless Death ? 



PATAPSCO TO ANNAPOLIS. 251 

Tremendous God! May I not justly fear, 

That I, unworthy Object of thy Care, 

Into this World from thy bright Presence tost, 

Am in th' Immensity of Nature lost i 

And that my "Notions of the World above, 

Are but Creations of my own Self -Love! 

To feed my coward Heart, afraid to Die, 

With fancied Feasts of Immortality ! 

These thoughts, which thy. amazing Works suggest, 

Oh glorious Father, rack my troubled Breast. 

Yet, Gracious God, reflecting that my Frame 

From Thee deriv'd in animating Flame, 

And that what e'er I am, however mean, 

By thy Command I enter'd on this Scene 

Of Life, thy wretched Creature of a Day, 

Condemn'd to travel thro' a tiresome Way; 

Upon whose Banks (perhaps to cheer my Toil) 

I see thin Verdures rise, and Daisies smile : 

Poor Comforts these, my Pains t' alleviate ! 

While on my Head tempestuous Troubles beat. 

And must I, when I quit this earthly Scene, 

Sink total into Death, and never rise again ? 

No sure, — These Thoughts which in my Bosom roll 

Must issue from a never dying Soul ; 

These active Thoughts that penetrate the Sky, 

Excursive into dark Futurity ; 

Which hope eternal Happiness to gain, 

Could never be bestow'd on Man in vain. 

To Thee, Father, fill'd with fervent Zeal, 
And sunk in humble Silence I appeal ; 
Take me, my great Creator, to Thy Care, 
And gracious listen to my ardent Prayer ! 



252 



A JOURNEY, ETC. 



Supreme of Beings, omnipresent Power ! 
My greal Preserver from my natal Hour, 
Fountain of Wisdom, boundless I>«'ily, 
Omniscient God, my Wauls are known to Thee, 
Willi Mercy look on mine Infirmity ! 
Whatever State I lion shalt for me ordain, 
Whether my Lot in Life be Joy or Pain; 
Patient let me sustain thy wise Decree, 
And learn to know myself, and honour thee. 




I N D EX. 



Abbot, Archbishop, opinion of Lord 

Baltimore, 35. 
Act concerning Religion, 84. 
Adams, Rev. Alexander, 190. 
Addisous of Oxon Hall, 186. 
Alexander, Bir William, 49. 
Altham, Father John, 61. 69, 70, 71, 72. 
Alsop, George, his description of Mary- 
Land, 214. 
Annapolis, 79, 83, 84, 200, 205, 225. 
Anderson, chaplain of Victoria, 180. 
Apostolic succession, 1 16. 
Ark, ship, prepares for Maryland, 58. 

is pursued, 50. 

arrives at St. Mary, 63. 
Arundel, Anne, marries Cecil Calvert, 
•jr.. 
her epitaph, 88. 

Earl, 25,37. 

William, prefers charges against 
Cecil Baltimore, 106. 
Asbury, bishop Francis, 219. 
Ashmore, William, killed, 99. 
Assembly of Maryland on oaths, 86. 

commend Key. Win. Thompson, 82. 

of 1650, 87. 

defend Margaret Brent, 113. 
Association for defense of Protestant 

religion, 174. 
Avalon, colony of, 28, '.',7, 103. 



Bacon, Lord. 23, 186. 

Rev. Thomas, 182, 218. 
Baltimore, first Lord, George Calvert, 
227. 

early life, 10, 11. 

clerk of Privy Council, 14. 

assists King .James, 15. 

commissioner for Ireland, 17. 

in charge of Italian and Spanish 
correspondence, 15. 

Secretary of State, 15, l<>. 

knighted. 16. 

takes Raleigh's manuscripts, 16, 



Baltimore, first Lord, George Calvert, 
presents from King .lames, 17. 
defends the Kiritf, 22, 23, 24. 
disputes with Coke, 23. 
member of Parliament, 22, 27, 227. 
death of wife, 25, . r ,5, 229. 
children of, 16, 55, 229. 
letter to Buckingham, 26. 
letter from Wentwortb, 27. 
member of Virginia Company, 27. 
commences Newfoundland colony, 

28. 
unhappy after failure of Spanish 

match, 31. 
resigns Secretaryship,:;-',:;:;, 34, 36. 
made Baron of Baltimore, 35, 228. 
visits London, 37. 
prepares for Newfoundland, 88. 
object of Newfoundland colony, 39. 
arrival there; 40. 
returns to England, 41. 
revisits Newfoundland, 41. 
lights the French, 42. 
thanks Kin- for a ship, 43. 
trouble in Newfoundland, 45. 
first visit to Virginia, 15. 
letter from King wishing him to 

give up colonizing, 45. 
deserts Avalon, I 1 '-';. , 

asks for a grant in Virginia, 47. 
wishes his lady to return from Vir- 
ginia, 47. 
is called a liar, 49. 
letter to Went worth. 19. 
grants from King. 60, 228. 
letter on deatli of wife of Went- 

worth, 50. 
prepares charter of Maryland, .".:;. 
its monarchical feature, 53. 
his lands in Ireland, 228. 
King Charles's letter introducing 

him to Falkland, 228. 
his deatli. .">"), 229. 
Baltimore, second Lord, Cecil Calvert, 

56 58, 230. 



22 



(253) 



254 



INDEX. 



Baltimore, second Lord) Cecil Oalvert, 

appoints John Lewger secretary, 
09. 

Invites Mn in iin etts men to settle 
in Maryland, 79. 

prejudiced against Rev. Wm.Tomp- 
son, 82. 

vacillates between King and Par- 
liament, 84. 

commissions Edward Gibbons, of 
Boston, ;i ' admiral, 87, 1 17. 

appeals to Privy Council relative 
to Maryland grant, 95. 

King Cbarles states why be gave 
him Maryland, 97. 

wishes to be governor of Virginia, 
101. 

alarmed about bl - charter, 108. 

letter from Secretary Kemp, of Vir- 
ginia, L06. 

charges again it, L08. 

letter to Maryland Jesuits, 107. 

appointed Collector of Virginia, 
108. 

before Horn e ol Lords, I L2. 

yields to Parliament ,114. 

chai "'■ against I ngle, 1 15. 

instructs Govei nor Stone to resist 
Parliament officers, l L9. 

claims that Maryland in noi cava 
lior, L20. 

c plains of the shooting of Stone's 

Boldiers, 126. 

,i jreement with Maryland I lorn- 
mi loners, 127. 

arrested for coining money, L29. 

regrets appointment of Governor 
Fendall, 167. 

li Ik marriage, 280. 

wife's death, 

member of Parliament, 280. 

letters to Wentworth, 60, 280. 

his death, 165, 280. 
Baltimore, third Lord, Charles Calvert, 
231. 

i-.piy to Rev. J. JTeo, 188. 

with wife hi Quaker meeting, 142. 

visits Dutch 'in Delaware, L62. 

Governor of Maryland, L85, 231. 

viHit from \\ in. P< mi, 165. 

meets Perm at New Castle, 166. 

hcimIm Col. Talbot to Delaware, 

167. 
H i in mil in England, 168. 
before Plantation Committee, 169. 
not in favor with King, 169. 
Father Petre opposes, 169. 
accused of consplra< y, L71. 
deprived of political power, 17H. 
din marriage, 281 , 
first wife described, 1 1 2 
death. 232. 



Baltimore, fourth Lord, Benedict Leo- 
nard Calvert, 282. 

marriage, 282. 

separation from wife, 282. 

becomes a Protestant, 282. 

Iim death, 233. 

his children, 233. 
Baltimore, fifth Lord, Charles Calvert, 
233. 

man lage, 238. 

offices held, 288.' 

visits Maryland, 205, 234. 

his death, 234. 

children, 234. 
Baltimore, last Lord, Frederick Cal- 
vert, 235. 

marriage, 235. 

disgraceful conduct, 285. 

liin writings, 235, 236. 

death, 236. 
Bancroft, Bishop, 75. 
Banneker, Benjamin, 204. 
Baptl in of Indian chief, 70. 

Blaves, 146. 
Barber. Dr. Luke, 128. 
Barratt's chapel, 220. 
Barre, John do La, 94. 
Bassett, Richard, 220. 
Bassetts, the, Vrt. 
Bayard, Peter, naturalized, 164. 

' Col., 197. 
Bayne, Walter, 189, 198. 
Baxter, John, 61. 
Beale, James, 197. 

John, L90, 193. 

Col. Ninian, 198. 
Beard, Richard, 1 10. 
Beeckman, Dutch Gov., on Delaware, 
sends t" Manhattan tor wiim to 
entertain Gov. Charles Calvert, 
1 1, 'I. 
HcI1mi.ii, John, killed, 99. 
Bennett, Gov. Richard, 74, 117, 124, 
129, 180. 

grandson of Gov., largest slave- 
holder in Maryland, 180, 201. 
Belt, Col. Joseph, L90. 
Berkeley, Gov. of Virginia, 78, 80, 92, 

Kir., 109, 180. 
Birkhead, Abraham, 187. 
Blankenstein, William, 164, 178. 
Bouchelle, l>r. Peter. 197. 
Boucher, Rev. Jonathan, royalist, 1S4. 

anti-slavery sentiments, 186. 

leaves the province, 186. 
Boundary disputes, I r»7— 170. 
Bourdillon, Rev. Mr., 209. 
Howies, James, L89. 
Bownas, Samuel, 160, 15 1 
Bozman, Thos.. 190. 
Bradford, Col, John, luu. 
Bray, Itov. Dr. Thos., J »0. 



INDEX. 



255 



Brent, Giles, 107, 108. 

Margaret, 81, 112, 113. 
Brevard, John, 197. 
Brock, Father, 71, 72. 
Brogilen, Rev. Wm , 181. 
Brooke, Baker, 133. 

Mrs., 133. 

Robert, 119. 
Brown, Gustavns, 189. 
Buckingham, Duke of, 15, 25. 

letter from Lord Baltimore, 41. 
Burnaby, Archdeacon, description of 
Annapolis, 205. 

Calamy's opinion of Rev. Mr. Hill, 140. 
Calvert, Anna, wife of Wm. Peasley, 55. 
Benedict Leonard, 233. 
Benjamin or Benedict, 209, 210, 234. 
Caroline, wife of Gov. Eden, 234. 
Dorothy, 230. 
Edward Henry, 233. 
Elizabeth, 230. 
Francis, 230. 
George, brother of Leonard, 55, 60, 

61, 229. 
Grace, wife of Sir R. Talbot, 55, 230. 
Leonard, Governor of Maryland, 
43, 63, fit), 70, 79, 81, 95, 98, 108, 
110,111, 112,114,229. 
Louisa, wife of John Browning, 234. 
Philip, Governor of Maryland, 55, 

128, 161, 230. 
Samuel, 227. 

George, see Baltimore, first. 
Cecilius, " second. 

Charles, third. 

Benedict Leonard, see Baltimore., 

fourth. 
Charles, see Baltimore, fifth. 
Frederick, " sixth. 

Canterbury, Archbishop, letter from 

Rev. J. Yeo, 138. 
Carpenter, Samuel, 148. 
Carr, Sir Robert, 152. 
Carroll, Chns., meditates retiring to 
the Arkansas River, 215. 
of Carrolton, 217. 
Christopher, 67. 
Cavendish, Lord, 28, 30. 
Cay, Rev. Jonathan, 190. 
Cecil, Sir Robert, 11. 
Chalmers, George, opinion of Maryland 

charter, 54. 
Charles, Prince, and Spanish match, 23. 
tho First, letter to Geo. Baltimore, 
45. 
names the province Terra Ma- 
rise, 53. 
appoints Will. Davenant, the 
poet, Gov. of Maryland, 88. 
Chandler, a councillor, 183 
Chapel of St. Mary. lufi. 



Charter of Maryland anti-republican, 

53. 
Chase, Rev. Mr., 216. 

Hon. Samuel, delegate to Congress, 
217. 
Cheseldyn, Kenelni, 177. 
Chew, Samuel, 147. 

Chillingworth, Dr. Will., makes Rev. 
Jno. Lewger a Roman Catholic, 
68, 69. 
Christerson, Wenlock, 135, 140. 
Christinas in York, 20. 
Church of England established in 
colony, 178. 
oppressive, 180. 
ministers, 181. 
Clayborne, William, 50, 72, 94, 95,96, 
98. 100, 102, 104, 105, 106, 109, 
117, 130, 131. 
Clarke, William, 150. 
Clayton, William, 190. 
Clifford, Lord, is. 
Cloberry, Will., 94. 
Coke, Sir Edward, 22, 24. 

Thus., LL.D., arrives in Maryland, 

220. 
dines with Washington, 221. 
Colbatch, Rev. Joseph, 189. 
College, Clerkenwell, 62. 

Cokesbury, 222. 
Colman, Rev. Benjamin, 196. 
Colonists; early, 66, 67. 
Colony, Maryland, commercial, not re- 
ligious, 60. 
Colvill, Thomas, 209, 210. 
Comegys, Cornelius, naturalized, 164. 
Commissioners of Parliament arrive, 
121. 
surrender the colony to the Pro- 
prietary, 128. 
Indian, at Lancaster, Pa., 208. 
Congregationalistsin Virginia',74,75,78. 

.Maryland, 79, 81, 82. 
Conn, Kev. Mr., 196. 
Continental Congress, 217. 
Convicts shipped to .Maryland, 203. 

school teachers, 212. 
Coode, John, his character, 173. 
attacks St. Mary, 174. 
Mattapany, 175. 
head of new ev,vernment, 176. 
letter to Leisler, of New York, 178. 
Cool Springs, 144. 
Copley, Gov. Lyonel, 178. 
Father Thomas, 69, 70. 
his house, 107. 
Cornbury, Lord, imprisons Makemie, 

195. 
Cornman, John, convicted of witch- 
craft, 140. 
Oornwallis, Thomas. 60, 61, 66, 99. 
Cotton. Sir Robert, library of, 22 



256 



INDEX. 



Coursey, Mr., 123. 

Cradoc'k, Rev. Thos., 181, 209. 

Cran field, Edward, 61. 

Creager, Capt., at New Amstel, 159. 
visits Keni [sland, 159. 

Crescentia, name intended for Mary- 
land, 53. 

Cromwell. Oliver, approves of the course 
of Maryland Commissioners, 125. 
Sir Harry, 91. 

Culpepper, Lord, 140. 

Curtis, Captain Edward, 117. 

Custis, John Parke, 11, 183. 

Cuthead, Richard, 171. 

Cutts, Capt. John, L23. 

Darcy, Sir Francis, 21. 

Lord, 19. 
Dalrymple, Sir John, 54. 
Darnall, Henry, 174, 177. 
Davenant, Sir Will., the poet, 88. 
Dawson, William, killed, 99. 

I)e Costa naturalized, Dil. 

Denhain, Rev. Benjamin, chaplain in 

Turkey, 89. 
De la Orange, Arnold, naturalized, 164. 
DelaWarr, Lord, 100. 
Dennis, Captain, 117. 
Dent, George, 189. 
Desjardins naturalized, 164. 
De Vries describes naval fight in Vir- 
ginia, 109. 
arrival in Delaware River, 158. 
D'Hyniossa, Alexander, 159, 162, 163, 

164. 
Dieses, Col., 174. 
Dorrell, Thomas, 61. 
Dorsey, Col. John, 189. 
Doughty, Rev. Francis, in New Fmg- 
land, 134. 
at Manhattan, 134. 
Mary marries Vanderdonck, 134. 
second husband, Hugh O'Neal, 
134. 
Dove, the ship, 58. 
pursued, 39. 
sails for Dos ton, 64. 
crew disorderly, 65. 

Dowdall, Major John, 191. 

Dream of Indian chief, 66. 
Dummond, Capt., of Virginia, 154. 
Duel of Harrison and Stevens, 30. 
Duffield, Edward, Ts4. 
Dulany, Daniel, 216. 
Dupper's stinking beer, 30. 

Dutch settlements on Delaware, 158. 
Durand, Elder William, 83, 122. 

Earle, .lames. 191. 

Eden, Capt. Thos., letter from, 207. 

Governor, his death, 234. 
Edmiston, Archibald, 197. 



Edmondes, Sir Thos., 12. 
Edmondson describes yearly meetings, 
151. 

account of Labadists, 152. 

visits Major-General Dennett, 130. 
Education neglected, 212. 
Eliot, Rev. John, 77. 
Eltonhead, agent for Cecil Baltimore, 
122. 

shot, 124. 
Elzey, boundary commissioner, 161. 
Ennels, Major Henry, 190. 
Erickson naturalized, 164. 
Evans, Rev. Evan, 180. 
Evernden, Thomas, 149. 
Eversfield, Rev. John, 181. 

Fairfax, Charles Snowden, 10. 

Ceo. William, 207. 

Dr. John, 210. 

Lord and General, 18, 20, 84, 114. 

Rev. Brian, 10. 

Thomas, of Virginia, 10. 
Faithorne, artist .and engraver, 164. 
Fendall, Governor of Maryland, 128, 157. 
Ferry, Patapsco, 208. 
Fisher, Edward, 148. 

Father Philip, 62, 72. 
Fitzherbert, Father Francis, 133. 
Fitzhugh, Col., 208. 

Fleet, Capt, Henry, 63. 
Fooks, Thomas, 1 I'.t. 
Fountain*-, .Nicholas, naturalized, 164. 
Fox, George, his arrival, 136. 
at Cliffs of Calvert, 136. 
Dr. Peter Sharpe's, 137. 
James Preston's, 1 .''.7 . 
Eastern Shore, 137. 
visits the Assembly, 138. 
Francisco, early slave, 69. 
Franklin, Benjamin, 184. 
Freeman, William, 187. 
Friends, Society of, see Quakers. 
Fuller, Captain, 123. 

Gale, Levin, 190. 
Galloway, Jane, 144. 

John, 144. 

Samuel, 144. 
Gerard, Richard, 61. 

Thomas, 73, 157. 
Gervase, Father Thomas, 61. 
Gibbons, Edward, Major-General, 79, 

86, 87. 
Glasgow, Rev. Patrick, 191. 
Golden [Jon, ship, 123, 
Goldsborough, Robert, 190. 
Gondomar, Count, 16, 37. 
Goodman, Bishop, opinion of Lord Bal- 
timore, 36. 
Gookins, Daniel, 27, 74,76, 77, 81, .123. 

Governor, of Pennsylvania, 77. 



INDEX. 



257 



Gould, Daniel, 135. 
Gravener, Father, 01, 70. 
Gray, Joseph, 190. 
Green, Henry, 61. 

Gov. Thos., 113. 
Greenfield, T. Truman, 189. 
Griffith & Co., complaint, 63. 

Racket, Father, 41. 

Hall, Itev. Henry, 145. 

Hamilton, James, gives a ball, 210. 

William, 189. 
Hammond versus Heamans, 126. 

Christopher, 189. 
Hanson, Hans, naturalized, 164. 

Samuel, 189. 
Harford, Henry, heir of Frederick Bal- 
timore, 237. 
Harris, James, 189. 

Capt. Win., 176. 
Harrison, George, duel of, 30. 

Capt. Joseph, 189. 

Robert, 189. 

Rev. Thomas, 78, 80, 83, 84, 90, 92, 
117. 
Hayman, Robert, 41, 42, 44, 57. 
Hawley, Gabriel, 59. 

Jerome, 60, 61, 72, 101, 102. 
Heamans, Capt. Roger, 123. 
Heerman, Augustine, 157, 158,159, 160, 

162, 164. 
Heigh, James, 190. 
Henderson, Rev. Jacob, 181, 190. 
Henry, John, 195. 

Rev. John, 195. 

Robert Jenkins, 195. 
Herbert, William, 144. 
Higgins, Rev. Theophilus, 13, 14. 
Hill, Gov. Edward, 110. 

Capt. John, 61, 74. 

I!< it. Matthew, 139,193. 

Richard, 155. 
Hoby, Sir Edward, 13, 14. 
Holmes, Capt. George, seizes Fort Nas- 
sau, 158. 
Hooker, Thomas, 142. 
Hooper, Capt. Henry, 190. 
Horn Point, battle of, 123. 
Hospitality of colonists, 206. 
House of Lords, report on Maryland, 

110. 
Howell, ttev. Thomas, 190. 
Hudson, Capt. John, 191. 
Hudson's River, Maryland, 99. 
Hungerford, Baronet, 30. 
Hutcneson, Rev. Alex., 197. 
Hutchins, Elizabeth, 144. 
Hughes's, Widow, tavern, 208. 

Income of Proprietary, 156. 
Independence, feeling of, 214. 
Tndian chief's dream, 66. 



Indian village purchased by Governor 

Calvert, 63. 
Indians, massacre in Yirginia, 79, 80. 

murder Gookins's servants, 77. 

Nova Scotia, 48. 

Sioux, 79. 
Ingle, Capt. Richard, 108, 109, 115. 
Ingram, Sir Arthur, 20. 
Irish Nell, 203. 
Israel, John, 189. 

Jacob, Rev. Henry, 75. 
Jacobson naturalized, 164. 
Jackson, Edward, 191. 
James, the First, 14, 16, 17, 22. 

Second, opposed to Cecil Baltimore, 
172. 

Richard, librarian of Sir Robert 
Cotton, 46. 

Rev. Thomas, 78, 79. 
Jarbo, John, naturalized, 164. 
Jenkins, Col. Francis, 195. 
Jennings, Edmund, 209. 
Jesuits, 59, 61, 62, 69, 71. 

letter from Lord Baltimore, 107. 
Johns, Richard, his creed, 145. 
Johnson, Mary, 148. 

Thomas, 191. 
Jones, of Somerset, 184. 
Jordan, Capt. Justinian, 189. 

Keith, George, 149. 

Kent Island, 57, 71, 72, 94, 96, 97, 98, 

104. 
Kemp, Richard, Secretary of Virginia, 

105. 
King, Robert, 190, 195, 209. 
Kinnersley, Professor, 154. 
Kirk, Sir David, letter to Archbishop 

Laud, 103. 
Knight, Steptoe, 191. 
Knowles, Rev. John, 78, 79, 90. 
Father John, 61. 

Labadie, sketch of, 152. 

Labadists on Chester River, 152. 

Laboring men, the first settlers, 60. 

Lake, Sir Thomas, 21. 

Laud, A rchbishop, letter from Sir David 

Kirk, 103. 
Lane, Walter. 149. 

William, 191. 
Lawrence, Sir Thomas, 154. 
Le Count naturalized, 164. 
Lee, Col. Richard, 118. 

Richard Henry, 118. 
Leeds, 9. 
Leisler, Jacob, Governor of New York, 

176. 
Lewes, Delaware, 158, 159, 161, 164. 
LeAvis, William, trial of, 67. 
shot, 124. 



258 



INDEX. 



Lewis, Richard, his poem, 214, 239, 252. 
Lowger, Rev. John, 67, 68, 81, 89, 110. 

becomes Roman Catholic, 68. 

first secretary of Maryland, 68. 

member of Assembly, 69. 

Ann, his wife, 67. 81. 
Literature, few votaries, 214. 
Lloyd, Edward, 116, 118. 

' Philemon, 191. 
Lock, William, 190. 
Lockerman, Gustavus, 190. 
Longvyll, Father, 4o, 41. 
Lovell, Lady, 13. 

Lovelace, Governor, of New York, 164. 
Lowe, Capt. Richard, 58, 60. 

Nicholas, 189. 

Maconchie, Rev. Wm., 189. 
Mackall, Benjamin, 190. 

Ool. John, 190. 
Magill, Rev. D., 196. 
Makemie, Rev. Francis, 194. 

publications of, 194. 

imprisoned, 195. 

letter to Col man, 195. 
Manokin settlement, 161. 
Mariartee, Capt. Daniel, 190. 
Marriage of white women with blacks, 
203. 

Indian chief, 70. 
Marshe, Witham, his, journal, 209. 
Martin, Col. James, 192. 

.lames, Ksq., 192. 
Robert, 190. 
Maryland soldiers, 218. 

Mass celebrated, 106. 

Massacre of Schenectady, 177. 

Massey, Rev. Leigh, 189. 

Mattapany, 72. 

Matthews, Col. Sam., 47, 93, 98,99,100, 

120, 129. 
Matthew, Sir Tobias, 35. 
Maverick, Governor, 60. 
Maynadier, Rev. Samuel, 182. 
Medcalf, John, 61. 

Methodism, its rise in Maryland, 218. 
Methodist churches, number of, 219. 
Mifllin, Kdward, 154. 
Milton, John, 15, 89. 
Montague, Lord, 70. 
Moorhead, David, 94. 
Morris, Doctor, L97. 

John I?., 107. 

Randall, 189. 

Nansemond, 74, 78, 80, 83. 

Naval engagement in James River, 

109. 
Noale, Archbishop, 74. 

Capt. James, 74, 100. 
Neill, Doctor John, 192. 
Nichols, Colonel, 162. 



Nicholls, Amos, 178. 
Hev. Henry, 189. 
Nicholson, Joshua, 150. 
Norfolk, Upper, 74. 

N orris, Isaac, 148. 

Notley, George, 190. 
Nova Scotia baronets, 49. 
Nye, Rev. Phil., 68. 

Oates, Titus, 171, 172. 

Oaths, Assembly complain of, 82. 

Oldham, John, 190. 

Onancock, Va., 149. 

O'Neal, Hugh, 134. 

Orme, Kev. Mr., 196. 

owen, Dr. Griffith, 145, 148. 

Paca, William, 217. 
Paine, John, killed, 177. 
Palmer, Ed., 57. 

Palmer's Isle, 57, 96, 102. 
Pancoast, .lames, kidnapped, 202. 
Panton, Rev. Anthony, 105, 106. 
Parliament Commissioners, 117. 
PatapSCO Kerry, 208. 

Patronage of Proprietary, 217. 
Paupers shipped to Maryland, 203. 
Peabody, George, 129. 
Pearce, Benjamin, 191. 

Gideon, 189. 
Peasley, William, 43, 55, 96, 101. 
Penn, "William, 73, 142, 155, 166, 167. 

169. 
Pennington, Admiral, 58. 
Pinkney, William, 222,223. 
Piscataway, Indian village, 63. 
Piscataways, 65. 
Pocomoke River, fight in, 99. 
Poem, by Richard Lewis, 239-252. 
Pool, William, 43. 
Poor whites, 211. 
Population in 1676, 155. 

1704, 155. 

1719,204. 

1752,211. 
Pory, letter about Lord Baltimore, 48. 
Poulet, Lady, presents necklace to In- 
dian woman, 48. 
Presbyterian immigration, 193. 

ministers, 104-107. 
Preston, James. 137. 

Richard, 119, 122. 
Printing press first in colony, 174. 
Proprietaries, sketch of, 227-237. 
Protestant Catholics, 73. 
Purnell, Capt. John, 191. 
Pym, 22, 2!. 

Quakers appear in Maryland, 135. 
yearly meetings, 150, 161. 
good citizens, 155. 

oppressed, 170. 



/ A7> EX. 



259 



Rabnct, Mr., 72. 

Raleigh, Sir Walter, 16. 
Reado, Geo., opinion of Jerome Haw- 
ley, 102. 
Redemptioners, 'Jul. 
Religion, act concerning, 84, 85. 

neglected, 213. 
Revolution of 1689, 171. 
Richardson, .John, 142." 

William, 1 42.' 
Robertson, Rev. James, 190. 
Robins, Rev. John, 191. 

Thomas, 191. 
Rogers, Rev. Dr., 197. 

William, tavern, 208. 
Roman Catholics oppressed, 179, 215. 
Rouell, Randall, 161. 
Ronsby, John, 190. 

Christopher, killed, 168. 
Runaway servant, 212. 

Saint Mary founded, 63. 

declines, 225. 

chapel of sold, 106. 
Saire, William, 61. 
Sandys, Sir Edwin, 28. 
Sam's Creek, 219. 
Saunders, John, 61. 
Saville, Sir John, 18,20. 
Scarburgh, Edmund, 161. 

Col. John, 191. 

George, P., L61. 
Scott, Col. Edward, 189. 
School laws, early, 187, 188. 

King William's, 187. 

teachers, convicts, 212. 

trustees, 189. 
Schuylkill, Dutch at, 158. 

English at, 158. 
Selby, Major .John, 192. 
Serrell, George, 104, 105. 
Servants, white, 201. 

reading sermons, 67. 
Severn men defeat Stone, 122, 123. 
Sewall, Henry, 177. 

widow of, marries Baltimore, 177. 

Rev. Richard, 189. 

Nicholas, 177. 
Sharp.-, Dr. Peter, 135. 
Sheffield, 9. 

Sheredine, Thomas, 189. 
Shippen, Edward, 148. 

Joseph, 144. 
Slaves, baptism of, 147. 

from Guinea, 200. 

marry white women, 2<I3. 

weekly allowance, 201. 
Slaveholder, largest in colony, 201. 
Smalrwood's brigade, 218. 
Smith, Father Anthony, 40. 

Puritan divine, 67. 

Thomas, 99, 102. 



Smith, Col. John, 190. 

Walter, 190. 
Snow Hill church, 192. 

in 1746, 206. 
Spanish Infanta, 23. 

match, 25, 31. 
Spence, A(lam, 197. 

Judge Ara, 197. 

Hon. JohnS., 197. 

Judge T. A., 197. 
Stevens, Richard, duel of, 30. 

Col. Win, 161, 193. 
Stille, Axel, naturalized, 164. 
Still well, Lt. Nicholas, 110. 
Stokes, John, 189. 

Stone, Governor, of Maryland, 83, 84, 
118, 120, 122, 124. 

delegate to Congress, 217. 
Story, Thomas, 143, 144, 146, 154. 
Sturton, Rev. Erasmus, 43, 44. 
Strawbridge, Robert, 218. 

Talbot, Col. George, 167, 168, 169. 

Sir Robert, 55. 
Taney, Michael, 175. 
Taylor, John, 137. 

Rev. Nathaniel, 196. 
Terra Marire, 53. 
Thomas, Hon. Philip, 208. 
Thompson, Augustine, 191. 

Richard, 191. 
Tibbs, Rev. William, 189. 
Tilghman, Captain, 122. 

Richard, 191. 
Tindall, Thomas, punished for insult- 
ing Lord Baltimore, 49. 
Tompson, Rev. William, 78, 79, 81, 83. 
Truitt, George, 149, 150. 
Tucker, William, 50. 
Turbutt, William, 191. 
Tyler, Robert, 190. 

Unitarians liable to death, 85. 

Upshur. Abel P., 149. 

Utie, John, 99. 

Utye, Col. Nat., 133, 158, 159, 160. 

Vanderdonk, Adrian, 134. 

Mary, 134. 
Van Sweringen, Garret, 162, 164. 
Vaughan, Robert, 112. 
Villiers, George, 15. 
Virginia Company, 28, 30, 57. 

refuses Lord Baltimore, 45, 47. 

records, 93. 
Vorstius, Leyden professor, 15, 225. 

Waldron, Resolved, 159. 
Wallis, Henry, 114. 
Ward, Mat. Tilghman, 189. 
Warneld, Richard, 190. 
Warren, Capt. Radclill'e, 99. 



260 



INDEX. 



Warwick, Earl of, 28, 30. 
Washington, General, 184, 207, 221. 
Waters, Richard, 149. 
Waughop, Thomas, 189. 
Wentworth, Benniug, 10. 

Sir John, 10. 

Gov. John, 10. 

John, of Continental Congress, 10. 

John, M. C, 10. 

Sir Thomas, 18, 19, 23, 25, 27, 30, 
31, 3S, 39, 46. 
West, Gov. John, 100. 

Francis, 50. 
West River yearly meeting, 145, 150. 
Westminster Assembly, 08. 
Whitebourne's description of New- 
foundland, 28. 
White, Father Andrew, 61, 65, 66, 69, 

70, 71, 89, 112. 
Wiggomoco harbor, 99. 
Wilkinson, Rev. Christopher, 191. 

William, 132. 
Williams, Rev. Mr., 72. 
Williamson, Rev. A., 189. 

Samuel, 189. 
Willoughby, Capt. Thomas, 110. 



Wilmer, Bishop, 189. 

Lambert, 189. 

Rev. W. H., 189. 

Simon, 189. 
Wilson, John, 143. 
Windebank, Secretary, 96, 97, 101. 
Winder, William, 197. 
Winter, Captain, 58, 59. 
Winthrop, Governor, 64, 78, 79. 
Wintour, Edward, 61. 

Frederick, 61. 
Winwood, Ambassador, 227. 
Wiseman, Henry, 61. 
Witchcraft, 140. . 
Workman, Anthony, 187. 
Wormley, Christopher, 105. 
Worral's, Peter, tavern, 210. 
AVostenholme, Sir John, 100. 
Wright, Edward, 191. 

Yeo, Rev. J., letter to Archbishop of 

Canterbury, 138. 
Yoacomoco village, 63. 
Yorkshire described, 9. 

Zubly, Rev. Dr., 218. 



-«:-h- 



ERRATA. 



On page 133, Mrs. Burke should read Brooke. 

" 166, more satisfactory should read not more. 

" 190, Note 5, Born should read Commissioner. 

" 191, foot-note uumber six refers to Win. Turbutt. 

" 205, Barnaby should read Burnaby. 

" 213, unite parsons should read unite persons. 



